Handbook of the Hemopoietic Microenvironment

In 1868, Ernst Neumann recognized that blood cells re quire continuous replenishment during postnata1life. Before him, the assumption was that cells of the blood, like nerves once formed in the embryo, remain in the body throughout life. Neumann also recognized that this process occurred within the bone marrow, because this tissue provided a fa vorable environment for proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors. Vera Danchakoff, the Russian embryologist working in the US, in 1916 made an analogy to the soil and the seed. Bone marrow forms the soil, providing a favorable environment for the growth of seed, the hemopoietic stem cell, and other progenitor cells. Imagine in the remote past a heap of similar tree seeds. These seeds develop in our moderate climate into a tall and many branched tree. Suppose the wind bears a part of the seeds away and brings them to a land possessing different environmental conditions, we will say the arc tic lands. There the seeds may develop but they may pro duce trees no higher than our moss.

Klappentext

In 1868, Ernst Neumann recognized that blood cells re­ quire continuous replenishment during postnata1life. Before him, the assumption was that cells of the blood, like nerves once formed in the embryo, remain in the body throughout life. Neumann also recognized that this process occurred within the bone marrow, because this tissue provided a fa­ vorable environment for proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors. Vera Danchakoff, the Russian embryologist working in the US, in 1916 made an analogy to the soil and the seed. Bone marrow forms the soil, providing a favorable environment for the growth of seed, the hemopoietic stem cell, and other progenitor cells. Imagine in the remote past a heap of similar tree seeds. These seeds develop in our moderate climate into a tall and many branched tree. Suppose the wind bears a part of the seeds away and brings them to a land possessing different environmental conditions, we will say the arc­ tic lands. There the seeds may develop but they may pro­ duce trees no higher than our moss.

Inhalt
Hemopoietic Microenvironments Historical Perspectives, Status, and Projections.- Historical Perspectives, Status, and Projections.- Definition.- Radiation Protection by Marrow Transplantation.- The Spleen Colony Assay.- Antecedents of the Hemopoietic Microenvironment Concept.- Spleen Colony Types.- Spleen Colony Retransplantation.- Effect of Erythropoietin Deprivation on Spleen Colony Types.- Visualization of Erythropoietin-Sensitive Stem Cell Colonies.- Decision for Lineage-Specific Differentiation.- Endoclonal Origin of the Second Line of Differentiation.- The Working Hypothesis.- Tests of the Working Hypothesis.- Microenvironmental Control of Mast Cell Differentiation.- Dissecting the Hemopoietic Microenvironment.- Other Evidence of the Roles of Marrow, Spleen, and Thymus Organ Stroma in Hemopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis.- Hemopoiesis on Intraperitoneal Cellulose Acetate Membranes.- CFU-S Heterogeneity.- Reversible Effect of Marrow and Spleen Microenvironments on Thymic Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Proliferation.- Reversible Predisposition of CFU-S for Direction of Differentiation.- Hemopoietic Hormone (Growth Factor) Receptors.- Pluripotency of Hemopoietic CFU-S for Lymphoid Differentiation.- Lymphoid-Inductive Microenvironments.- In Vitro Bone Marrow Cultures.- Distinctive Stromal Cells of Erythroid and Granuloid Spleen Colonies.- Other Candidate for In Vivo Hemopoietic Microenvironment Stromal Cells.- Hemopoiesis.- Projections.- Malignancy-Inducing Microenvironments?.- References.- Molecular and Cellular Traffic Across the Marrow Sinuses.- Marrow Structure.- Evidence for Discrimination in the Release of Marrow Cells.- Factors Governing Release of Hemopoietic Cells.- Cell Releasing Factors.- The Anatomical Process of Release.- Release from and Reentry into Marrow of Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells.- References.- In Vivo Microscopy of Hemopoietic Tissue.- In Vivo Microscopic Methods.- In Vivo Microscopic Studies of Hemopoietic Tissue.- References.- Fatty Involution of Marrow and the Role of Adipose Tissue in Hemopoiesis.- Distribution of Red and Yellow Marrow.- The Role of Bone.- Ectopic Implantation of Bone Marrow.- Marrow Adipocyte.- Distinct from Extramedullary Adipocytes.- Heterogeneity of Marrow Adipocytes.- Marrow Adipocytes in Culture.- Conclusions.- References.- Hematopoiesis on Artificial Membranes.- Hematopoiesis on Flat CEM.- Hematopoiesis On Stromally-Enriched, IP-Implanted Tubular CEM.- Hematopoiesis and Proteoglycans.- Role of Bone and Tooth Matrix Proteins in Hematopoiesis.- Irradiation of Stromal Cells.- Studies of Scraped, Devitalized, and Reimplanted CEM.- Overall Perspective and Significance of Hematopoiesis on CEM.- References.- Cellular Components of Stroma In Vivo in Comparison with In Vitro Systems.- Cellular Components of the Stroma.- References.- Stromal Cells in Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures.- Cell Types in Adherent Layer.- Growth Factor Production by Adherent Cells.- Studies in Other Species Including Human.- Lymphoid Growth and Long-Term Culture.- TC-1 Cell Line.- Hypothesis.- References.- Cultured Stromal Cell Lines from Hemopoietic Tissues.- The Hemopoietic Microenvironment.- Hemopoietic Stromal Cell Lines.- Summary.- References.- Cellular Interactions in the Regulation of Human Hemopoiesis In Vitro.- Normal Hemopoiesis.- Abnormal Hemopoiesis.- References.- The Collagenous Hemopoietic Microenvironment.- The Genetically-Distinct Types of Collagen.- Collagenous Bone Marrow Stroma.- Synthesis of Collagenous Matrix by Stromal Cells of the Bone Marrow.- Bone Marrow Collagen in Hematologic Disorders.- Myelofibrosis.- Future Prospects.- References.- The Hemopoietic Extracellular Matrix.- The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Regulating Cell Growth and Differentiation.- Characterization of Noncollagenous Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules Found in Bone and Bone Marrow.- Identification of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Stroma of Long-Term Bone Marrow Cell Cultures.- The Role of Extracellular Matrix Components in Regulating Hemopoiesis in Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures.- Reconstitution of Bone and Bone Marrow In Vivo by Ectopic Implantation of Devitalized, DemineralizedBone Matrix.- Studies of the Abnormal Hemopoietic Microenvironment of Sl/Sld Mice.- Summary.- References.- Bone Marrow Microenvironment Clinical Observations.- Clinical Implications.- Functional Abnormalities of Cellular Components of Bone Marrow Microenvironment.- References.