Section I: The Protein Synthesizing Machinery of Eukaryotes.- 1: Structure and Function of tRNA and Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases.- I. Aminoacylation.- A. Stoichiometry and Energetics.- B. Structure of Aminoacyl-tRNA.- C. Mechanism of Aminoacylation.- II. Structure of tRNA.- A. Multiplicity and Location of tRNA in the Cell.- B. Primary and Secondary Structure.- C. Tertiary Structure.- III. Structure of Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase.- A. Multiplicity and Cellular Location.- B. Protein Structure.- C. Multi-Enzyme Complexes.- IV. Specificity of Aminoacylation.- A. Importance of Specificity.- B. Amino Acid Recognition.- C. tRNA Recognition.- V. Codon-Anticodon Recognition.- A. Codon Translation in the Cytoplasm.- B. Codon Translation in the Mitochondria.- C. Codon Translation in vitro.- VI. tRNA Recognition by the Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis System.- A. Initiation and Elongation Factors.- B. Rihosomes.- VII. Other Functions of tRNA.- A. tRNA-Like Structure in Viral RNA.- B. Primer for Reverse Transcriptase.- C. Aminoacyl-tRNA Protein Transferase.- D. Regulatory Functions.- VIII. tRNA Biosynthesis.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Appendix: Table 2. Published tRNA Sequences as for August 1, 1980.- 2: The Structure of Eukaryotic Ribosome.- I. General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Ribosomes.- II. Isolation and Characterization of Eukaryotic Ribosomal Proteins.- III. Primary Structure of Eukaryotic Ribosomal Proteins.- IV. RNA-Protein Interactions in Eukaryotic Ribosomes.- A. 5S rRNA.- B. E.8S rRNA.- C. E. coli 5S rRNA.- D. tRNA.- V. CODA.- References.- 3: The Initiation Factors.- I. Identification of the Initiation Factors.- II. Physical Characterization.- III. Covalent Modifications.- IV. Cellular Levels and Biogenesis.- V. Pathway of Initiation.- A. Dissociation of Ribosomes into Subunits.- B. Ternary Complex Formation.- C. Ternary Complex Binding to to 40S Subunits.- D. Binding of mRNA to 40S Subunits.- E. Junction of the 60S Subunit and Formation of the 80S Initiation Complex.- VI. Molecular Mechanism of Initiation.- A. mRNA-Ribosome Interaction.- B. Specific Factors for mRNA?.- C. Ribosomal Sites for Initiation.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Section II: On the Importance of Being Spliced.- 4: Messenger RNA Structure and Biosynthesis.- I. Determination of mRNA secondary structure.- II. Messenger RNA Processing: Historical Background.- III. Modified Nucleotides. - CAP structure.- IV. Sites of Transcriptional Initiation of mRNA.- V. Splicing.- VI. Order of Processing Reactions.- References.- 5: SV40 as a Model System for the Study of RNA Transcription and Processing in Eukaryotie Cells.- I. SV40 as a Model System.- II. Initiation of Transcription Of SV40 DNA Late After Infection.- III. The SV40 Minichromosome.- IV. Splicing of SV40 Late mRNA.- V. Mapping the "Leader" and the "Body" of the Viral mRNAs by Electron Microscopy.- A. Analysis of the DNA-RNA Hybrids.- B. Analysis of the R-Loop Structures.- VI. Models for Joining the "Leader" to the Coding Sequences.- VII. Models for Splicing of mRNA.- A. Splicing Intermediates.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6: Messenger Ribonucleoprotein Particles.- I. Biological Properties.- A. Early Developments in Sea Urchin.- B. Differentiating Animal Cells.- C. Non-Differentiating or Terminally Differentiated Mammalian Cells.- II. Isolation and Composition.- III. Translation of mRNPs.- IV. Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Section III: On Selecting the Right Messenger.- 7: Recognition of Initiation Sites in Eukaryotic mRNAs.- I. Characteristics of Initiation Regions in Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs.- II. Mechanisms which have been Proposed to explain Selection of Initiation Sites by Eukaryotic Ribosomes.- III. Evaluation of the "Scanning" Model for Initiation.- A. A Summary of the Evidence.- B. Variations on the Theme.- C. How Can the Exception be Explained.- IV. Questions and Speculations.- A. An Economical Message Might Initiate at the First and Second AUG.- B. Role of the 5?-Terminal Methylated Residues.- C. Determinants of Messenger Efficiency.- D. Translation of Viral Messages.- Acknowledgements/Notes.- References.- 8: A Closer Look at the 5? End of mRNA in Relation to Initiation.- I. Facilitating Effect of the CAP on mRNA translation at the Level of Ribosome Binding.- II. Detection of cap binding Protein by Chemical Cross-Linking to mRNA 5? End.- A. Cap-Binding Activity in Cell-Free Extracts.- B. Cap-Affinity of Initiation Factors.- III. Functional CAP Binding Proteins Purified by m GDP-Sepharose affinity chromatography.- IV. mRNA 5? Region Proximity to 18s Ribosomal RNA in Initiation Complexes.- Acknowle dgement.- References.- 9: Initiation Factor/mRNA Interactions and mRNA Recognition.- I. General Aspects of mRNA Recognition.- II. Approachs to the Study of mRNA/Initiation Factor Interactions.- III. Recognition of mRNA by eIF-.- A. eIF-2 Binds to mRNA.- B. The Untranslated Portion of mRNA and poly(A) Are Not Recognized by eIF-2.- C. Role of the 5?-Terminal Cap and Internal mRNA Sequences in Binding of eIF-2.- D. Specific Binding of eIF-2 to a 5?-Terminal Sequence Comprising the Ribosome-Binding Site.- E. Hole of mRNA Conformation.- F. Alteration of the 5?-Proximal HNA Conformation Induced by Binding of eIF-2.- G. Relationship Between Binding of eIF-2 and Binding of the Ribosome.- H. mRNA Competition for eIF-2 during Translation.- I. Interaction Between eIF-2 and Double-Stranded RNA.- J. Mutually Exclusive Binding of mRNA and Met-tRNAf for eIF-2.- K. eIF-2 and Initiation of Translation.- IV. Binding of other Initiation Factors to mRNA.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10: But Is the 5? End of mRNA Always Involved in Initiation?.- I. The Genomic RNA of Picornaviruses.- II. Evidence for More-Than-One Initiation Site in Picornavirus RNA.- III. Involvement of Internal Regions of Picornavirus RNA in Initiation.- IV. Studies on the Ribosome-Binding Sites of Mengovirus RNA.- V. "In Vitro Veritas".- References.- Section IV: Synthesis and Processing of Proteins.- 11: Peptide Chain Elongation and Termination in Eukaryotes.- I. Binding of Aminoacyl-tRNA to the Ribosomes.- A. Characteristics of EF-1.- B. Assay of EF-1.- C. Purification of IF-1.- a. EF-1H.- b. EF-1L.- c. EF-1?.- D. Interaction of EF-1 with Guanosine Nucleotide and AA-tRNA.- E. Interaction of the Ternary Complex with Ribosomes.- F. Recycling of EF-1.- II. Peptide Bond Formation.- III. Translocation.- A. Elongation Factor 2.- a. Purification and Properties.- b. Assay.- c. Interactions of EF-2 with Guanosine Nucleotides and with Ribosomes.- d. The Inhibition of EF-2 Activity by Diphtheria Toxin.- IV. Termination.- References.- 12: Biosynthesis, Modifications, and Processing of Viral Polyprot eins.- I. The Proteolytic Processing of Picornavirus Proteins.- A. Picornavirus-directed Protein Synthesis.- a. Processing of NCVP1a.- b. NCVPlb, VPg, and Viral RNA Replication.- B. The Effect of Guanidine on the Processing of Viral Proteins.- C. Non-Uniform Synthesis and/or Accumulation of Poliovirus Proteins under Conditions of Restricted Polypeptide Chain Initiation and at Early Time after Infection.- D. Further Characterization of Protease Using Viral Proteins as Substrate: Studies in Cell-Free Systems.- II. Post-Transcriptional Modifications of Oncornavirus-Directed Proteins.- A. Protease Specific of RNA Tumor Viruses.- B. Synthesis and Processing of Viral Proteins in Friend Erythroleukemia Cell Lines.- C. Detection and Processing of Intermediates.- D. Modification and Processing of Viral Precursor Polypeptides during the Induced Differentiation of Friend Cells.- E. Synthesis and Processing of Viral Precursor Proteins under Conditions Inducing Terminal Differentiation.- F. Amplification of Translational Control of Gene Expression during the Differentiation of Friend Cells.- a. Inducers of Differe…