Nanopatterned and Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes

Volume XVII in the "Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering" series, this monograph covers progress in this rapidly developing field with a particular emphasis on important applications, including spectroscopy, medicinal chemistry and analytical chemistry.
As such it covers nanopatterned and nanoparticle-modified electrodes for analytical detection, surface spectroscopy, electrocatalysis and a fundamental understanding of the relation between the electrode structure and its function.
Written by a group of international experts, this is a valuable resource for researchers working in such fields as electrochemistry, materials science, spectroscopy, analytical and medicinal chemistry.

Autorentext

Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Philip N. Bartlett is Head of the Electrochemistry Section, Deputy Head of Chemistry for Strategy, and Associate Dean for Enterprise in the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences at the University of Southampton. He received his PhD from Imperial College London and was a Lecturer at the University of Warwick and a Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Bath, before moving to his current position. His research interests include bioelectrochemistry, nanostructured materials, and chemical sensors.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

Inhalt

List of Contributors XI

Series Preface XVII

Preface XIX

**1 Surface Electrochemistry with Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes 1
**Victor Climent and Juan M. Feliu

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Concepts of Surface Crystallography 2

1.3 Preparation of Single-Crystal and Well-Oriented Surfaces 9

1.4 Understanding the Voltammetry of Platinum 13

1.4.1 CO Charge Displacement Experiment 15

1.4.2 Stepped Surfaces 18

1.5 Potential of Zero Charge of Platinum Single Crystals 24

1.5.1 Total Charge Curves in Coulometric Analysis 29

1.5.2 Model for the Estimation of the Potential of Zero Free Charge 32

1.5.3 Applications of Electrocapillary Equation 32

1.6 The Laser-Induced Temperature Jump Method and the Potential of Maximum Entropy 34

1.7 Electrocatalytic Studies with Single-Crystal Electrodes 40

1.7.1 Carbon Monoxide on Platinum 40

1.7.2 Oxygen Reduction 43

1.8 Concluding Remarks 47

Acknowledgments 49

References 49

**2 Electrochemically Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles 59
**Lu Wei, Na Tian, Zhi Y. Zhou, and Shi G. Sun

2.1 Introduction 59

2.2 Metal Nanoparticles of High-Index Facets and High Surface Energy 60

2.2.1 NPs of {hk0} High-Index Facets 61

2.2.2 NPs of {hkk} High-Index Facets 66

2.2.3 NPs of {hhl} High-Index Facets 66

2.2.4 NPs of {hkl} High-Index Facets 69

2.2.5 Electrochemistry-Mediated Shape Evolution 71

2.2.6 Electrochemical Milling and Faceting 72

2.3 Metallic Alloy Nanoparticles of High-Index Facets and High Surface Energy 73

2.3.1 PdPt Alloy NPs 74

2.3.2 PtRh Alloy NPs 76

2.3.3 FeNi Alloy NPs 77

2.4 Metal Nanoparticles of Low-Index Facets 79

2.4.1 Fe NPs with High Surface Energy 79

2.4.2 Cu NPs 81

2.4.3 Pt NPs 83

2.5 Nanoparticles of Metal Oxides and Chalcogenides 84

2.5.1 Cuprous Oxide 84

2.5.2 Lead Sulfide 89

2.6 Summary and Perspectives 90

Acknowledgment 91

References 91

**3 Direct Growth of One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials at Electrode Surfaces 97
**Sapanbir S. Thind and Aicheng Chen

3.1 Introduction 97

3.2 Growth of 1D Nanomaterials 98

3.3 Nanowires 98

3.3.1 Formation of Na2Ti6O13, H2Ti3O7, and TiO2 Nanowires 99

3.3.2 Synthesis of Various Nanowires Using Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) Templates 104

3.3.3 TiO2 Nanowires through Thermal Oxidation Treatment 106

3.4 Nanorods 108

3.4.1 Effect of Oxygen Source on the Formation of Titanium Oxide Films 110

3.5 Nanotubes 113

3.5.1 Nanotube Growth Control 116

3.5.2 Modification of TiO2 Nanotubes 119

3.6 Direct Growth of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 121

3.6.1 Nanoplates 121

3.6.2 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets 126

3.7 Growth of Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials 128

3.7.1 Nanodendrites 128

3.7.2 Nanoflowers 130

3.8 Summary 135

Acknowledgments 136

References 136

**4 One-Dimensional Pt Nanostructures for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 145
**Gaixia Zhang and Shuhui Sun

4.1 Introduction 145

4.2 Shape-Controlled Synthesis of 1D Pt Nanostructures 146

4.2.1 1D Pt Nanowires/Nanorod and Nanotubes 148

4.3 1D Pt-Based Nanostructures as Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells 176

4.3.1 Reaction Mechanisms for PEMFCs 176

4.3.2 Cathode Catalysts for ORR in DHFC 176

4.3.3 Anode Catalysts for MOR in DMFC 181

4.3.4 Anode Catalysts for FAOR in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell (DFAFC) 185

4.4 Conclusions and Outlook 189

References 190 **5 Investigations of Capping Agent Adsorption for Metal Nanoparticle Stabilization and the Formation of Anisotropic Gold Nanocrys...