Electrochemistry of Carbon Electrodes

The book sets the standard on carbon materials for electrode design. For the first time, the leading experts in this field summarize the preparation techniques and specific characteristics together with established and potential applications of the different types of carbon-based electrodes. An introductory chapter on the properties of carbon together with chapters on the electrochemical characteristics and properties of the different modifications of carbon such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon fiber, diamond or highly ordered pyrolytic graphite provide the reader with the basics on this fascinating and ubiquitous electrode material. Cutting-edge technologies such as carbon electrodes in efficient supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries and fuel cells, or electrodes prepared by screen-printing are discussed, giving a complete but concise overview about the topic. The clearly structured book helps newcomers to grasp easily the principles of carbon-based electrodes, while researchers in fundamental and applied electrochemistry will find new ideas for further research on related key technologies.

Autorentext

Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Philip N. Bartlett is Head of the Electrochemistry Section, Deputy Head of Chemistry for Strategy, and Associate Dean for Enterprise in the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences at the University of Southampton. He received his PhD from Imperial College London and was a Lecturer at the University of Warwick and a Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Bath, before moving to his current position. His research interests include bioelectrochemistry, nanostructured materials, and chemical sensors.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

Inhalt

List of Contributors XIII

Series Editors Preface XIX

Preface XXI

1 Properties of Carbon: An Overview 1
Shengxi Huang, Johan EkWeis, Sara Costa, Martin Kalbac, and Mildred S. Dresselhaus

1.1 Overview of Properties 1

1.2 Different Forms of Carbon 2

1.2.1 Graphene 2

1.2.1.1 Optical Properties 2

1.2.1.2 Electrical Properties and Tunability 4

1.2.1.3 Spectroscopic Properties 5

1.2.2 HOPG 11

1.2.3 Carbon Nanotube 12

1.2.3.1 Structure and Electronic Properties 12

1.2.3.2 Spectroscopy and Spectroelectrochemistry of Carbon Nanotubes 14

1.2.4 Graphene Nanoribbon 18

1.2.5 Diamond 20

1.2.6 Porous Carbon 20

1.3 Outlook 21

References 21

2 Electrochemistry at Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG): Toward a New Perspective 31
Aleix G. Güell, Sze-yin Tan, Patrick R. Unwin, and Guohui Zhang

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Structure and Electronic Properties of HOPG 33

2.2.1 Structure and Formation 33

2.2.2 Electronic Properties 39

2.2.3 Implications for Electrochemical Studies 44

2.3 Formative Studies of HOPG Electrochemistry 45

2.3.1 Early Macroscopic Voltammetric Measurements and Correlations 45

2.3.2 Macroscopic Voltammetry and Modeling 49

2.3.3 Alternating Current (AC) Voltammetric Methods 50

2.3.4 Critical Comparison of Macroscopic Data 50

2.4 Microscopic Views of Electrochemistry at HOPG 53

2.4.1 Outer-Sphere Redox Systems 53

2.4.1.1 Scanning Micropipette Contact Method 53

2.4.1.2 Nafion Film-Covered HOPG 55

2.4.1.3 Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (SECCM) 56

2.4.1.4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) 60

2.4.1.5 SECMAFM Studies 61

2.4.1.6 Recent Macroscopic Studies 62

2.4.2 Complex Multistep Reactions: Neurotransmitter Oxidation 64

2.4.3 Adsorbed Systems 68

2.4.4 Diazonium Functionalization of HOPG 71

2.5 Conclusions 73

Acknowledgments 75

References 75

3 Electrochemistry in One Dimension: Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 83
Emiliano N. Primo, Fabiana Gutiérrez, Mar´?Ya D. Rubianes, Nancy F. Ferreyra, Marcela C. Rodr´?Yguez, Mar´?Ya. L. Pedano, Aurelien Gasnier, Alejandro Gutierrez, Marcos Egu´?Ylaz, Pablo Dalmasso, Guillermina Luque, Soledad Bollo, Concepción Parrado, and Gustavo A. Rivas

3.1 Carbon Nanotubes: General Considerations 83

3.2 Structure and Synthesis of CNTs 84

3.3 Structure of CNTs versus Electrochemical Properties 86

3.4 Strategies for the Preparation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrodes 89

3.4.1 Functionalization 89

3.4.1.1 Covalent Functionalization 90

3.4.1.2 Noncovalent Functionalization 90

3.4.2 Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes Using Different Binders 106

3.4.2.1 Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPE) 108

3.5 ProspectiveWork 108

References 109

4 Electrochemistry of Graphene 121
Hollie V. Patten, Mat??ej Velick´y, and Robert A.W. Dryfe

4.1 Overview of Graphene Properties 121

4.2 Preparation of Graphene 123

4.2.1 Top-Down Fabrication of Graphene 123

4.2.2 Bottom-Up Routes to Graphene Production 128

4.3 Capacitance of Graphene Electrodes 130

4.4 Electron Transfer Kinetics at Graphene Electrodes 137

4.4.1 Modification and Doping of Graphene for Applications in Electrocatalysis 149

4.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 151

Abbreviations 152

Symbols 152

References 153

5 The Use of Conducting Diamond in Electrochemistry 163
Julie V. Macpherson

5.1 Introduction 163

5.1.1 Boron-Doped Diamond: Electrical Properties 164

5.1.2 Growth of Synthetic Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrochemical Applications 166 &lt...