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Cell Fractionation by Centrifugation Methods.- - Introduction.- - Homogenization.- - Fractionation methods.- - Analysis of the fractions and interpretation of the results.- - Conclusion.- - References.- Binding of Ligands to Receptors: Theory.- - Introduction.- - Experimental approach to the hormone-receptor interaction.- - Molecular models of receptors.- - Graphical representations of saturation experiments.- - Methodologic errors and graphical representations.- - Conclusion.- - References.- On the Modes of Regulation of Intracellular Cyclic AMP: Desensitization of Adenylyl Cyclases to Hormonal Stimulation and Compartmentalization of Cyclic AMP.- - Introduction.- - Regulation of cyclic AMP levels by desensitization of adenylyl cyclase to hormonal stimulation.- - Regulation of cyclic AMP levels by compartmentalization of cyclic AMP.- - Nomenclature used.- - Abbreviations used.- - References.- The Interaction of Glucagon with Isolated Plasma Membranes of Rat Livers: The Relevancy of Measuring Binding Sites.- - Introduction.- - Transfer of hormonal message.- - Iodination of hormones.- - Measurement of binding.- - Relation between binding and adenylate cyclase.- - Effect of guanyl nucleotides on binding.- - How reliable is the measurement of binding as an indication of the first step in translation of the hormonal message ?.- - Degradation of glucagon by its target organ.- - The functional meaning of the receptor site.- - Summary.- - References.- Hormone Binding To Receptors: Vasopressin.- - Introduction.- - Methodological and technical considerations.- - Binding of lysine-vasopressin to pig kidney plasma membranes.- - Correlations between hormone binding and adenylate cyclase activation.- - References.- Effects of Choleragen and Fluoride on Adenylate Cyclase.- - Activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen.- - Effects of fluoride on adenylate cyclase.- - References.- Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase in the Thyroid.- - Introduction.- - TSH stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the thyroid.- - Immunoglobulin stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the thyroid.- - Prostaglandin stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the thyroid.- - Catecholamine stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the thyroid.- - Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in the thyroid by fluoride, bacterial products and biogenic amines.- - Conclusion.- - References.- Guanylate Cyclase.- - Introduction.- - Methods of assay.- - Distribution.- - General properties.- - Similarities in some properties of adenylate and guanylate cyclases.- - Effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on guanylate cyclase activity in cell free systems.- - References.- Regulation of Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase Activity.- - Effect of insulin on fat cell phosphodiesterase activity.- - Effects of intracellular cyclic AMP concentration on fat cell phosphodiesterase activity.- - Effects of prolonged elevation of cyclic AMP on phosphodiesterase activity.- - Effects of steroid hormones on phosphodiesterase activity.- - References.- Theoretical Simulation of the cAMP System.- - Introduction.- - Protein kinase and cyclic AMP.- - Consequences of the intracellular distribution of phosphodiesterases.- - Conclusion.- - References.- Control of Metabolic Processes by cAMP-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation.- - Introduction.- - Hormonal effects on cAMP-dependent protein kinases in intact tissues.- - Multiple forms of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.- - Effects of MgATP.- - Translocation.- - Phosphoprotein phosphatases.- - References.- Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP Binding in Tissues.- - Introduction.- - Characteristics of the cyclic AMP binding system.- - Cyclic GMP binding system.- - Hormonal regulation - intracellular titration of cyclic AMP bound to receptor proteins in rat diaphragm.- - Conclusions.- - References.- The Assay of Cyclic AMP in Biological Material.- - Introduction.- - Method of cyclic AMP analysis.- - Assay of cyclic AMP in biological samples.- - Summary.- - References.- Determination of Cyclic GMP in Biological Material.- - Introduction.- - Determination of cyclic GMP.- - Application to biological material.- - References.- Methods for the Study of Cyclic AMP Metabolism in Intact Cells.- - Introduction.- - Methods.- - Results.- - Conclusions.- - References.- The Actions of Nucleotides on Adenylyl Cyclase Systems.- - Introduction and basic observations.- - Effect of nucleotides on the behavior of the catalytic unit(s).- - Effect of nucleotides on the behavior of the hormone receptor.- - Effects of nucleotides on the coupling (or transduction) process and multiplicity of sites of nucleotide interaction.- - Nomenclature used.- - Abbreviations.- - References.- Cyclic AMP Metabolism of Some Fibroblastic and Epithelial Cells in Vitro.- - Introduction.- - Methods.- - Lack of correlation between intact cell studies and cell-free enzyme studies.- - Release of cyclic AMP from cells.- - Comments.- - References.- Metabolism of Cyclic GMP in Vascular Smooth Muscle, Leukocytes, and Lung.- - Vascular smooth muscle.- - Leukocytes.- - Lung.- - References.- Cyclic Nucleotide Analogues.- - Introduction.- - Synthetic principles.- - Structure of modifications.- - Structure-activity-relations.- - Cyclic analogues - Useful therapeutical agents?.- - References.- Microtubule Morphology.- - Introduction.- - Substructure of the microtubules.- - Associated structures: the centrioles and the cilia.- - Agents acting on microtubules.- - Morphological evidences of microtubular functions.- - References.- Cyclic AMP and Microtubules.- - Introduction.- - Subunits and structure of tubulin.- - Binding sites of tubulin.- - Purification and polymerization of tubulin.- - ATPases and nucleotide transphosphorylase activities "associated" with tubulin.- - Cyclic AMP and tubulin.- - In vitro and in vivo phosphorylation reactions catalyzed by "associated" protein kinase.- - Polymerization of tubulin and phosphorylation reactions.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Prostaglandins and Cyclic Nucleotides.- - Introduction.- - Effects of exogenous prostaglandins on adenylate cyclase in various tissues.- - Biological significance of cyclic AMP formation induced by prostaglandins in target organs of hormones.- - Prostaglandins as connecting factors between cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP systems : a tentative explanation.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Re-Examination of the Role of Cyclic AMP in the Actions of Glucagon and Epinephrine.- - Introduction.- - Cyclic AMP as the mediator of glucagon action in liver.- - Studies on the role of cyclic AMP in the hepatic actions of catecholamines using the isolated perfused rat liver.- - Studies on the role of cyclic AMP in catecholamine action using isolated liver parenchymal cells.- - A dual mechanism for catecholamine actions in liver.- - References.- The Role of Cyclic AMP in the Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism.- - Introduction.- - The pathway of glycogen metabolism.- - The two forms of glycogen phosphorylase and synthetase.- - The regulation of the interconversion of the two forms of glycogen phosphorylase and synthetase.- - References.- Cyclic AMP and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.- - Introduction.- - Effects of hormones on adipose tissue PDH.- - Failure in inverse correlation of lipolysis rate with PDH activity of adipose tissue.- - Attempts to demonstrate direct effects of cyclic AMP on the PDH comple.- - Possible roles for cyclic AMP in pyruvate dehydrogenase regulation.- - References.- Cyclic AMP and Protein Synthesis.- - Introduction.- - Suppression or enzyme induction.- - References.- Cyclic AMP and the Control of Lypolysis in Fat Cells of the Rat.- - Introduction.- - Correlation of cyclic AMP levels and lipolysis.- - Insulin action : adenylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase?.- - References.- Studies on the Permissive Effect of the Thyroid on Fat Cells.- - References.- Cyclic Nucleotides, Calcium and Ion Transp…