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Autorentext

RUTH F. CHADWICK is Professor Emerita, Cardiff University, and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK. She is Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics and has served on numerous international bodies including the Council of the Human Genome Organization. She is Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, the Hastings Center, the Royal Society of Arts, the Royal Society of Biology, and the Learned Society of Wales. UDO SCHÜKLENK holds the Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics in the Department of Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, Canada. He is a Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics. His academic career has included teaching and research appointments in Australia, South Africa, and the UK. He is co-editor of Bioethics: An Anthology, Fourth Edition and co-author of 50 Great Myths About Atheism.

Klappentext

Bioethics is a dynamic field of inquiry that draws on interdisciplinary expertise and methodology to navigate ethical dilemmas in healthcare, medicine, biomedical research, biotechnology, public health, and the environment. Should editing the human genome be allowed? What are the ethical implications of social restrictions during a pandemic? Is it ethical to use animals in clinical research? Do health care practitioners have a professional obligation to treat COVID-19 patients if effective protective equipment is unavailable? An engaging and practical introduction to contemporary bioethics, This is Bioethics examines the moral problems and disputes that arise in the health sciences, including real-world ethical challenges at the frontlines of public health such as the influence of new technologies on the practice of medicine. Assuming no prior philosophical background, this accessible volume surveys the foundational principles of ethical theory to help students evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of bioethical arguments and develop informed, defensible answers to both traditional and emerging questions in this field of inquiry. Chadwick and Schuklenk avoid overly-technical jargon in favor of an easy and informal writing style designed to stimulate interest and encourage discussion, and the text is supported with supplementary digital resources for instructors on the This is Philosophy series site. In addition to full coverage of the standard curriculum, the book includes distinctive chapters on mental health ethics as well as on public health ethics, and covers some of the ethical issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic including triage decision-making, the consequences of societal shut-downs, and whether a future vaccine for the virus should be compulsory. A timely addition to the acclaimed This is Philosophy series, This is Bioethics is the ideal text for undergraduate bioethics and practical ethics courses, and is an essential resource for students in medicine, philosophy, biology, biochemistry, and public health, as well as the general public.

Inhalt

About the Authors xi

Preface and Acknowledgments xiii

1 Introduction to Ethics 1

1.1 Religion and Ethics 6

1.2 Law and Ethics 9

1.2.1 Legal and Moral Rights 12

1.3 Ethical Relativism 13

1.4 Why be Ethical? 15

2 Ethical Theory 21

2.1 Virtue Ethics 21

2.2 Feminist Ethics 23

2.3 Utilitarian Ethics 25

2.4 Rule Based Ethics 29

2.5 'Georgetown Mantra' 30

2.5.1 Non Maleficence 31

2.5.2 Beneficence 31

2.5.3 Respect for Autonomy 31

2.5.4 Justice 32

2.6 Contract Theory 34

3 Basics of Bioethics 37

3.1 History and Scope of Bioethics 37

3.2 Who Can Claim to be a Bioethicist? 41

3.3 Organizations and Journals 43

3.4 Policy Advice 43

3.5 Common Arguments in Bioethics 45

3.6 Playing God 46

3.7 Unnatural and Abnormal 47

3.8 Dignity 48

3.9 Nazi Arguments in Bioethics 51

3.10 Slippery Slope Arguments 53

3.11 Treating Someone as a Means 55

4 Moral Standing: What Matters 59

4.1 Moral Standing and Moral Status 59

4.2 Species Membership 60

4.3 Sentientism 62

4.4 Capabilities 64

4.5 Biocentrism 64

4.6 Holism 65

4.7 The Future 66

5 Beginning of Life 69

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Ethical Arguments about Reproductive Rights and Responsibilities 70

5.2.1 Reproductive Autonomy and the Right to Reproduce 70

5.2.2 Consequentialism and Procreative Beneficence 71

5.2.3 'Do No Harm' and the Person Affecting Restriction 72

5.2.4 The Non Identity Problem 72

5.2.5 Virtue Ethics 73

5.2.6 Feminist Bioethics 73

5.3 Issues in Assisted Reproduction 74

5.3.1 Genetic Relatedness: How Important Is It? 75

5.3.2 Issues of Selection in Reproduction 77

5.4 Embryos, Fetuses and Abortion 79

5.4.1 Fetuses 80

5.4.2 Judith Jarvis Thomson and the Violinist 81

5.4.3 The 'Future Like Ours' Argument 81

5.4.4 The Impairment Argument Against Abortion 82

5.4.5 Women's Character 82

5.4.6 Abortion and Fetal Transplants 83

5.4.7 Savior Siblings 84

5.4.8 Infants and Infanticide 85

5.4.9 Severely Disabled Infants 86

5.4.10 Acts and Omissions 87

5.4.11 Newborn Screening 88

6 Health Care Professional-Patient Relationship 91

6.1 Informed Consent 92

6.2 Paternalism 96

6.3 Deciding for Others 97

6.3.1 Deciding for Others: Advance Directives 97

6.3.2 Deciding for Others: Patients Who Never Had Capacity 98

6.3.3 Deciding for Others: Incapacitated Patients without Advance Directives 99

6.4 Truth Telling 102

6.5 Confidentiality 105

6.6 Conscience Matters 107

6.7 Duty to Treat 110

7 Research Ethics 115

7.1 Elements of Ethical Research 117

7.2 Clinical Research: The Basics 118

7.3 Animal Experiments 120

7.4 Informed Consent 121

7.5 Trial Related Injuries 122

7.6 Benefits 124

7.7 Benefiting from Evil 125

7.8 Ethical Issues Affecting Clinical Research Involving the Catastrophically Ill 127

7.9 Developing World 130

7.9.1 Utility of Research Question 130

7.9.2 Standards of Care 131

8 Genetics 135

8.1 Genetics and Genomics 135

8.1.1 Introduction - Genetics, Genomics and Bioethics: Is Genetics Special? 135

8.1.2 Issues in Clinical Genetics: Genetic Testing and Counseling 137

8.1.2.1 Non Directiveness 137

8.1.2.2 Children 138

8.1.2.3 Genetic Screening 139

8.1.2.4 Direct töConsumer Testing 139

8.2 Gene Therapy: Somatic and Germline 140

8.2.1 Is There a Need for Germline Gene Therapy? 142

8.2.2 Risks and Irreversible Consequences 142

8.2.3 Future Generations and Lack of Consent 143

8.2.4 The Iconic Significance of the Germline 143

8.2.5 Gene Editing 144

8.3 Genomic Research 146

8.3.1 The Human Genome Project 146

8.3.2 Biobanks 147

8.3.3 Feedback of Findings 149

8.4 Personalized Medicine 150

8.4.1 Human Cloning - Therapeutic Cloning 151

8.4.2 Reproductive Cloning 153

8.5 Other Issues in Genetics and Genomics 155

9 Enhancement 159

9.1 Introduction 159

9.2 Enhancement and Superhumans 159

9.3 The Meaning of Enhancement 161

9.3.1 Enhancement and Improvement 161

9.4 Alternatives to the 'Improvement' Account 163

9.4.1 Therapy-Enhancement Distinction 163

9.4.2 Species Normal Functioning 164

9.4.2.1 Quantitative Account of Enhancement 164

9.4.3 Enhancement: The Umbrella View 165

9.5 Ethical Issues 166

9.5.1 Is Enhancement Necessary? 166

9.5.2 Enhancement is Inevitable 167

9.5.3 A Compromise Position? 168

9.5.4 Autonomy 169

9.5.5 The Habermasian Concern 169

9.6 Social Inequalities and Social Justice 170

9.6.1 Consequences for the Future of Humans 171

9.7 Moral Enhancement 173

9.8 Cognitive Enhancement 176

10 Mental Health 181

10.1 Mental Illness 182

10.2 Diagnosis 184

10.3 Autonomy and Capacity 186

10.4 Least Restrictive Option 187

10.5 Best Interests 188

10.6 Treatment and Detention 189

10.6.1 Detention for the Good of the Service User 189

10.6.2 Detention for the Protection of Others 191

11 End of Life 195

11.1 Do You…