Autorentext

Patrick Salagnac is Professor of Heat Transfer and Building Energy at La Rochelle University, France, where he teaches heat transfer and building energy. His research focuses on building envelope optimization, passive cooling and energy production systems.

Jean-Luc Faure is Associate Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at La Rochelle University, France. His research focuses on the design, dimensioning, control and management of high-efficiency energy systems using centralized technical management tools.

Klappentext

The aim of this book is to present the fundamental principles of energy efficiency in construction. It is aimed at professionals, as well as masters' and engineering school students working in the field of building energy.

Volume 1 covers the building context and issues, the building envelope and how to improve it using innovative materials and construction techniques, ventilation and lighting.

Volume 2 is devoted to heating, air conditioning, domestic hot water production and centralized building management. The aim is to present more sustainable, energy-efficient solutions.

Through these different aspects, the ambition of this book is to give the reader the tools and best practices to design, renovate or manage buildings, and thus ensure the comfort of occupants while reducing the impact on the environment.

Inhalt

Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Acknowledgments xv

Chapter 1. Context and Issues 1
1.1. The building through the ages 1
1.2. Energy and environmental issues in the building sector 2
1.3. Characteristics of the building stock 7
1.4. Energy in buildings 11
1.5. Regulatory aspects 13
1.5.1. National and international laws 13
1.5.2. French regulation 14
1.5.3. Labels and certifications 19
1.6. Designing a healthy and performant building 22
1.6.1. Bioclimatic solutions for heating 25
1.6.2. Bioclimatic solutions for air conditioning 26
1.7. Thermal comfort 27
1.7.1. The human body and its metabolism 28
1.7.2. Thermal balance 30
1.7.3. Comfort criteria 30
1.7.4. Application: impact of set temperature 31
1.8. Conclusion 32

Chapter 2. Building Envelope 33
2.1. Functions of the envelope 33
2.2. Construction technologies 37
2.2.1. Construction and insulation materials 37
2.2.2. Opaque walls 49
2.2.3. Roofs 52
2.2.4. Windows 57
2.2.5. Solar protection for comfort in summer 61
2.2.6. Thermal bridges 67
2.2.7. Floors 69
2.3. Advanced and future technologies 71
2.3.1. Walls and materials 71
2.3.2. Innovative glazing and windows 88
2.4. Heat losses 94
2.4.1. Static heat loss 95
2.4.2. Dynamic heat losses 98
2.4.3. Heat loss balance 99
2.5. Heating demand 100
2.5.1. Heat loss energy 101
2.5.2. Space heating demand 104
2.5.3. Internal gains 105
2.5.4. Solar gains 108
2.6. Cooling demand 109
2.7. Application: case study of a residential house (static calculation) 112
2.7.1. Technical description of the house 112
2.7.2. Heat loss balance 114
2.7.3. Calculation of heat loss energy 115
2.7.4. Calculation of free heat gains 116
2.7.5. Calculating the heating demand 116
2.7.6. Calculating the cooling demand 117
2.8. Application: case of a residential building (dynamic calculation) 118
2.8.1. The house's heating demand 118
2.8.2. Evolution of heating demand as a function of the set interior temperature 119
2.8.3. Change in heating demand as a function of the level of insulation 120
2.8.4. Heating power and hours of operation 121
2.8.5. Comfort during the hot season 122
2.9. Moving from energy demand to energy consumption 124
2.10. Conclusion 125

Chapter 3. Ventilation 127
3.1. Purposes 127
3.2. Regulation 128
3.2.1. Residential buildings 128
3.2.2. Non-residential buildings 131
3.3. The principles of ventilation 131
3.3.1. Single-room ventilation 131
3.3.2. Cross-flow ventilation 133
3.4. Ventilation and moisture 135
3.5. Various ventilation systems 137
3.5.1. Natural ventilation 137
3.5.2. Mechanical ventilation 152
3.5.3. Overventilation 166
3.5.4. Acoustic regulation 167
3.6. Components of ventilation systems 168
3.6.1. Inlet and exhaust terminal vents 168
3.6.2. Air diffusers 172
3.6.3. Circulation between rooms 174
3.6.4. Ducts 175
3.6.5. Rooftop air intakes/outlets 177
3.6.6. Registers 177
3.6.7. Individual exhaust fan 178
3.6.8. Ventilation unit 178
3.6.9. Air handling unit 179
3.7. Air diffusion modes 180
3.7.1. Diffusion by mixing 180
3.7.2. Diffusion by displacement 182
3.7.3. Important factors in air diffusion 183
3.8. Systems coupled with CMV to preheat or precool fresh air 184
3.8.1. Earth-to-air heat exchanger 184
3.8.2. Thermodynamic CMV 187
3.8.3. Aerothermal collector 189
3.9. Ventilation system sizing 190
3.9.1. Sizing steps 190
3.9.2. Selection of terminal vents for exhaust-only pressure and humidity-CMV systems according to French standards 195
3.10. Application: case of a single-family house 197
3.11. Conclusion 201

Chapter 4. Lighting and Electrical Equipment 203
4.1. Introduction to lighting 203
4.2. Types of lighting 204
4.2.1. Natural lighting 204
4.2.2. Artificial lighting 206
4.3. Visual comfort 208
4.3.1. Daylight factor 208
4.3.2. Color temperature 211
4.3.3. Color rendering index 212
4.4. Bulb technologies 212
4.4.1. Incandescent lamp 213
4.4.2. Discharge lamps 214
4.4.3. LED lamps 217
4.4.4. Lighting management and control 218
4.5. Lighting efficiency 219
4.5.1. Values 219
4.5.2. Energy efficiency 220
4.5.3. Luminous efficiency 222
4.5.4. Color temperature 223
4.5.5. Thermal balance and radiative spectrum of a lamp 224
4.5.6. Other parameters 226
4.6. Example of an application 226
4.7. Other electrical equipment 228
4.7.1. Domestic appliances 230
4.7.2. Multimedia devices 231
4.7.3. Home functional equipment 232
4.7.4. Devices on standby 232
4.7.5. Energy rating label 234
4.8. Conclusion 235

Conclusion 237
References 239

Appendices 243
A.1. Appendices 243
A.1.1. Comparison of RT 2012, RE 2020 and the E+C- label 243
A.1.2. Values for the thermal transmission coefficients of walls 243
A.1.3. Example values of the thermal transmission coefficients of windows 245
A.1.4. Degree days for each département (region) of France 246
A.1.5. Different classes of thermal inertia of a building 249
A.1.6. Sensible and latent heats released by occupants 249
A.1.7. Average number of lighting hours per day, Nhj 250
A.1.8. Heat released by electronic devices 251
A.1.9. Example values of Sw, C1 and Fe 251
A.1.10. Values of Cin, Te,aveclim,j, Nfr and Efr 254
A.1.11. Computational elements for the case study 256
A.1.12. Minimum extracted airflow rates in non-residential premises (as stipulated by France's RSDT) 261
A.1.13. Minimum extracted airflow rates in non-residential premises (as stipulated by French Labour Code 1st, Chapter 2 2008) 264
A.1.14. Moist air chart 264
A.2. List of acronyms and abbreviations 267

List of Authors 273
Index 275