This book focuses on a monograph published in 2017 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), discussing its carcinogen hazard classification of four pesticides: parathion, malathion, diazinon, and tetrachlorvinphos as well as the herbicide glyphosate.

The monograph provided a detailed discussion of considerations and conclusions made by a group of experts who met in 2015 to evaluate these compounds. Although not universally true, many of these substances, from the time of their commercial introduction to their present-day use, have spread significantly in the environment, affecting animals and plants in the larger ecosystem, the overall health of the environment, and human health.

This book develops each of these issues before turning to the IARC review process, both the general process and its evolution over time, and compound selection criteria and deliberations regarding the substances discussed in the 2017 monograph. Final book sections detail scientific and private sector reactions to and implications of the IARC classifications. Hazard identification is contrasted with various models of quantitative risk assessment. The last chapters highlight the importance of hazard identification for members of domestic and global underserved communities involved in farming and landscape work, where exposures may vary widely, are not well-regulated, and where health outcomes are often not carefully documented.

The impact of the environmental spread of organophosphates and glyphosate on plant, animal, ecological and human health Why hazard identification is as important as risk assessment to consider health effects on underserved communities Impacts of the IARC classifications: on the science and regulatory communities, the lay press and the legal sector

Autorentext
Martha Richmond is a Professor Emerita of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science at Suffolk University in Boston, U.S.A., where she has also directed the Environmental Studies and Environmental Sciences programs and a number of undergraduate research projects. For a number of years she worked as a consulting staff scientist at the Health Effects Institute, where she has contributed to several studies related to health hazards with study cases from Mexico City and China. Martha does research in environmental issues, including environmental science, environmental health, and environmental justice. Her most recent publication is 'Glyphosate: A review of its global use, environmental impact, and potential health effects on humans and other species'. She is an associate editor of the Journal of Environmental Studies and Science, published by Springer. More recently, Martha Richmond has focused on how the scientific community can work better with the regulatory community and lay public to develop informed approaches addressing environmental problems. She is specially interested in addressing issues that affect the larger ecosystem or issues that disproportionately affect under-served communities.

Inhalt
1.Discovery and Commercial Introduction and of Parathion, Malathion, Diazanon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate.- 2. Growth Present-Day Volume, and Projected Use of Parathion, Malathion, Diazanon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate.- 3. Environmental Presence.- 4.Toxicology of Parathion, Malathion, Diazanon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate.- 5.Toxic Effects of Pesticides or Herbicide on the Environment and Environmental Species: Wildlife, Including Insects, Aquatic Animals, and Plants.- 6. Chronic Health Effects of Parathion, Malathion, Diazanon, Tetrachlorvinphos, and Glyphosate.- 7. IARC: Role in Addressing Cancer and Cancer Prevention.- 8. The IARC 2015 Monograph: Selection of Substances for Evaluation, Materials Assessed by Review Panels, Basis for Final Panel Decisions.- 9.Response to the IARC 2015 Monograph: Response in the Scientific and Regulatory Communities; Response in Government Agencies; Response in the LayPress; Litigation.- 10. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Perception.- 11. Environmental Justice Considerations.- 12. The Global Importance of the IARC Hazard Identification.