This book examines the ways autonomous sensors are powered: batteries, storage units and energy harvesters. It also describes the most important ambient energy sources along with their energy transducers.

Autonomous sensors transmit data and power their electronics without using cables. They can be found in e.g. wireless sensor networks (WSNs) or remote acquisition systems. Although primary batteries provide a simple design for powering autonomous sensors, they present several limitations such as limited capacity and power density, and difficulty in predicting their condition and state of charge. An alternative is to extract energy from the ambient (energy harvesting). However, the reduced dimensions of most autonomous sensors lead to a low level of available power from the energy transducer. Thus, efficient methods and circuits to manage and gather the energy are a must.

An integral approach for powering autonomous sensors by considering both primary batteries and energy harvesters is presented. Two rather different forms of energy harvesting are also dealt with: optical (or solar) and radiofrequency (RF). Optical energy provides high energy density, especially outdoors, whereas RF remote powering is possibly the most feasible option for autonomous sensors embedded into the soil or within structures. Throughout different chapters, devices such as primary and secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and energy transducers are extensively reviewed. Then, circuits and methods found in the literature used to efficiently extract and gather the energy are presented. Finally, new proposals based on the authors' own research are analyzed and tested. Every chapter is written to be rather independent, with each incorporating the relevant literature references.

Powering Autonomous Sensors is intended for a wide audience working on or interested in the powering of autonomous sensors. Researchers and engineers can find a broad introduction to basic topics in this interesting and emerging area as well as further insights on the topics of solar and RF harvesting and of circuits and methods to maximize the power extracted from energytransducers.

An integral approach is provided for powering autonomous sensors encompassing batteries, storage units and energy harvesters Batteries and supercapacitors are extensively described and characterized The most important ambient energy sources are described jointly with their energy transducers Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Autorentext

Maria T. Penella-López received her BSc, MSc and PhD degrees in Telecommunication Engineering from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain, in 2003, 2005 and 2010, respectively. She also worked as assistant professor at UPC. In 2007 she performed a stay at the Laboratory of Electronics of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. Her research interests include energy harvesting, energy and power conditioning for low-power autonomous sensors, storage elements and wireless sensor networks. She has co-authorized several conference and journal papers, and two patents. She is currently working on wireless sensor networks for smart cities and energy harvesting at Urbiotica S.L. Manuel Gasulla-Forner received the Enginyer (MEng) and Doctor Enginyer (PhD) degrees in Telecommunication from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Catalonia, in 1992 and 1999, respectively. Since 1993 he has been with the UPC, where he is an associate professor, engaged in teaching on Analog Electronics and Electronic Instrumentation. In 2001-2002 he was a Visiting Postdoctoral Fellow at the Electronic Instrumentation Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. His research interests include capacitive sensors, sensor interfaces, wireless sensor networks, and energy harvesting circuits and methods for low-power autonomous sensors.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 2. Load and Power Conditioning.- 3. Ambient Energy Sources.- 4. Primary Batteries and Storage Elements.- 5. Optical Energy Harvesting.- 6. Radiofrequency Energy Harvesting.