Information technology has been, in recent years, under increasing commercial pressure to provide devices and systems which help/ replace the human in his daily activity. This pressure requires the use of logic as the underlying foundational workhorse of the area. New logics were developed as the need arose and new foci and balance has evolved within logic itself. One aspect of these new trends in logic is the rising impor tance of model based reasoning. Logics have become more and more tailored to applications and their reasoning has become more and more application dependent. In fact, some years ago, I myself coined the phrase "direct deductive reasoning in application areas", advocating the methodology of model-based reasoning in the strongest possible terms. Certainly my discipline of Labelled Deductive Systems allows to bring "pieces" of the application areas as "labels" into the logic. I therefore heartily welcome this important book to Volume 25 of the Applied Logic Series and see it as an important contribution in our overall coverage of applied logic.

Klappentext

The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help only of traditional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Understanding the contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires expanding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model-based reasoning. The term 'model' comprises both internal and external representations. The models are intended as interpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain. Moreover, in the modeling process, various forms of abstraction are used. Evaluation and adaptation take place in light of structural, causal, and/or functional constraints. Model simulation can be used to produce new states and enable evaluation of behaviors and other factors.

Inhalt
Logical Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning.- A Case Study of the Design and Implementation of Heterogeneous Reasoning Systems.- A Logical Approach to the Analysis of Metaphors.- Ampliative Adaptive Logics and the Foundation of Logic-Based Approaches to Abduction.- Diagrammatic Inference and Graphical Proof.- A Logical Analysis of Graphical Consistency Proofs.- Adaptive Logics for Non-Explanatory and Explanatory Diagnostic Reasoning.- Model-Guided Proof Planning.- Degrees of Abductive Boldness.- Scientific Explanation and Modified Semantic Tableaux.- Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning.- Computational Discovery of Communicable Knowledge.- Encoding and Using Domain Knowledge on Population Dynamics for Equation Discovery.- Reasoning about Models of Nonlinear Systems.- Model-Based Diagnosis of Dynamic Systems: Systematic Conflict Generation.- Modeling Through Human-Computer Interactions and Mathematical Discourse.- Combining Strategy and Sub-models for the Objectified Communication of Research Programs.- Author Index.