The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help only of traditional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Understanding the contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires expanding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science.
There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model-based reasoning. The term 'model' comprises both internal and external representations. The models are intended as interpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain. Moreover, in the modeling process, various forms of abstraction are used. Evaluation and adaptation take place in light of structural, causal, and/or functional constraints. Model simulation can be used to produce new states and enable evaluation of behaviors and other factors.

Information technology has been, in recent years, under increasing commercial pressure to provide devices and systems which help/ replace the human in his daily activity. This pressure requires the use of logic as the underlying foundational workhorse of the area. New logics were developed as the need arose and new foci and balance has evolved within logic itself. One aspect of these new trends in logic is the rising impor tance of model based reasoning. Logics have become more and more tailored to applications and their reasoning has become more and more application dependent. In fact, some years ago, I myself coined the phrase "direct deductive reasoning in application areas", advocating the methodology of model-based reasoning in the strongest possible terms. Certainly my discipline of Labelled Deductive Systems allows to bring "pieces" of the application areas as "labels" into the logic. I therefore heartily welcome this important book to Volume 25 of the Applied Logic Series and see it as an important contribution in our overall coverage of applied logic.

Autorentext
Walter Carnielli is Full Professor of Logic, Department of Philosophy, State University of Campinas, Brazil. Ex-Director of the Centre for Logic, Epistemology and the History of Science (1998-2004) and full member of the Security and Quantum Information Group-- Institute of Telecommunications, Lisbon, Portugal. Grantee of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, held temporary positions and research appointments in the USA (University of California, Berkeley), as well as in several institutions in Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Italy, Germany (Münster and Bonn), France, Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg. Carnielli is known for his contribution to the proof theory and semantics for contemporary heterodox (non-classical) logics. Of special significance are his contributions to many-valued logics, paraconsistent logics and combinations of logics. With his students and collaborators Carnielli introduced the possible-translations semantics, which led to a revival in the semantic interpretation of paraconsistent logics, and the concept of logics of formal inconsistency which systematize a great number of extant paraconsistent logics, opening the way to applications of paraconsistency to computer science and to philosophical investigations around the topic. Carnielli has also worked on finite and infinite combinatorics, and shaped, with collaborators, the modulated logics, a wide class of logics dedicated to formalize quantified uncertain reasoning. He is the author or co-author of more than academic 70 publications (papers, books and monographs). Claudio Pizzi is Full Professor of Philosophy of Science at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Siena (Italy) and contract professor at the University of Milano Bicocca. His main interests are in the field of general modal logic, conditional logic, tense logic and philosophy of causality. In 1973 he translated and edited the Italian version G.E.Hughes and M.J.Cresswell's "An Introduction to ModalLogic". In the past ten years he has been at the head of a research team which organized the international conferences of the series MBR (Model-Based Reasoning). He is author or coauthor of more that 70 publications , some of which published in Topoi, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, Logique et Analyse, Journal of Philosophical Logic, Studia Logica. His main theoretical contributions concern a theory of rational inference based on the consequence relation (consequential implication) and a theory of causal relations based on iterated conditionals.

Inhalt
Logical Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning.- A Case Study of the Design and Implementation of Heterogeneous Reasoning Systems.- A Logical Approach to the Analysis of Metaphors.- Ampliative Adaptive Logics and the Foundation of Logic-Based Approaches to Abduction.- Diagrammatic Inference and Graphical Proof.- A Logical Analysis of Graphical Consistency Proofs.- Adaptive Logics for Non-Explanatory and Explanatory Diagnostic Reasoning.- Model-Guided Proof Planning.- Degrees of Abductive Boldness.- Scientific Explanation and Modified Semantic Tableaux.- Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning.- Computational Discovery of Communicable Knowledge.- Encoding and Using Domain Knowledge on Population Dynamics for Equation Discovery.- Reasoning about Models of Nonlinear Systems.- Model-Based Diagnosis of Dynamic Systems: Systematic Conflict Generation.- Modeling Through Human-Computer Interactions and Mathematical Discourse.- Combining Strategy and Sub-models for the Objectified Communication of Research Programs.- Author Index.