Jets and plumes are shear flows produced by momentum and buoyancy forces. Examples include smokestack emissions, fires and volcano eruptions, deep sea vents, thermals, sewage discharges, thermal effluents from power stations, and ocean dumping of sludge. Knowledge of turbulent mixing by jets and plumes is important for environmental control, impact and risk assessment.

Turbulent Jets and Plumes introduces the fundamental concepts and develops a Lagrangian approach to model these shear flows. This theme persists throughout the text, starting from simple cases and building towards the practically important case of a turbulent buoyant jet in a density-stratified crossflow. Basic ideas are illustrated by ample use of flow visualization using the laser-induced fluorescence technique. The text includes many illustrative worked examples, comparisons of model predictions with laboratory and field data, and classroom tested problems. An interactive PC-based virtual-reality modelling software (VISJET) is also provided. Engineering and science students, researchers and practitioners may use the book both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference in hydraulics and environmental fluid mechanics.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 2. Turbulent Jets.- 1. Plane Jet.- 2. Round Jet.- 3. Theory vs Experiment.- 4. The Top-hat Profile.- 5. Prediction of Potential Core Length.- 6. Summary.- 3. Turbulent Buoyant Plumes.- 1. Buoyancy and Reduced Gravity.- 2. Turbulent Round Plume.- 3. Lagrangian Approach for Plume Modelling.- 4. Negatively Buoyant Jets.- 5. Turbulent Line Plume.- 6. Summary.- 4. Inclined Buoyant Jet in Stagnant Environment.- 1. Lagrangian Model for Buoyant Jet in Stagnant Fluid.- 2. Numerical Solution.- 3. Application Examples.- 4. Summary.- 5. Density Stratification.- 1. Buoyancy Variation.- 2. Thermals in Stratified Fluid.- 3. Plumes in Stratified Fluid.- 4. Plume in a Container.- 5. Summary.- 6. Turbulent Round Jet in Coflow.- 1. Summary of Experimental Observations.- 2. Integral Model.- 3. Asymptotic Solutions: Strong and Weak-jet.- 4. Comparison of Theory with Experimental Data.- 5. Correlation of Model Results with Experiments.- 6. Summary.- 7. Jet in Crossflow: Advected Line Puffs.- 1. Length Scales and Regimes.- 2. 1D Model of Line Puff.- 3. 2D Model of Line Puff.- 4. 3D Model of Jet in Crossflow.- 5. Measurements in Advected Line Puffs.- 6. Practical Application.- 7. Summary.- 8. Plume in Crossflow: Advected Line Thermals.- 1. Length Scales and Regimes.- 2. 1D Model of Line thermal.- 3. 2D Model of Line Thermal.- 4. 3D Model of Plume in Crossflow.- 5. Measurements in Line Thermals.- 6. Buoyant Jet in Crossflow.- 7. Summary.- 9. General Lagrangian Formulation.- 1. Elemental Volume.- 2. Method of Excesses.- 3. Spreading Hypothesis.- 4. Puffs and Thermals.- 5. Buoyant Jet in Crossflow.- 6. Summary.- 10.Numerical Modelling and Field Application.- 1. Initial Dilution of Buoyant Plumes in a Current: the BDNF and BDFF.- 2. JETLAG a Lagrangian buoyant jet model.- 3. Field Application and Verification.- Appendices.- A Density of Seawater.- B Notation.- References.