This brief monograph is intended chiefly for non-specialists and for others interested in a concise introduction to the field. The literature on lysosomes is growing so rapidly that any effort at exhaustive comprehensiveness would be foredoomed to failure. Fortunately, an extensive series of reviews has been published in the past few years (see especially DINGLE and FELL 1969; DINGLE 1972, 1973 a; HERS and VAN HoOF 1973) and the "history" of the organelles is brief enough that major contributors to all stages of that history are still available to provide first-hand discussions (e. g. , DE DUVE and WATTIAUX 1966; DE DUVE 1969; NOVIKOFF 1971, 1973; see also VAN FURTH for work on phago cytes and DE REUCK and CAMERON 1963 for useful reviews of early work). New York, N. Y. , September 1975 E. HOLTZMAN Contents I. General Considerations and Background 1. 1. Perspectives 1 1. 2. Definitions . 2 1. 2. 1. General Functional Categories 2 1. 2. 2. Outline of Lysosome Functioning in Phagocytes 3 1. 2. 3. Additional Terms: Heterophagy and Autophagy 4 1. 3. Characterization of Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 3. 1. Basic Biochemical Characteristics of Lysosomes 5 1. 3. 1. 1. Key Features of Lysosomes 8 1. 3. 1. 2. The Lysosomal Enzymes . 8 1. 3. 1. 3. Digestion in Lysosomes 11 1. 3. 104. Lysosomal "Permeability" 13 1. 3. 2. Some Cytochemical and Morphological Characteristics 15 1. 3. 2. 1. Cytochemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. 3. 2. 2. Cytochemical Studies of Exogenous Tracers .

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I. General Considerations and Background.- I.1. Perspectives.- I.2. Definitions.- I.3. Characterization of Lysosomes.- I.4. Morphological Categories of Lysosomes.- II. Lysosome Formation, Functioning and Fate.- II. 1. Heterophagy.- II.2. Hydrolase Transport in Cells Other than Phagocytes.- II.3. Autophagy.- II.4. Multivesicular Bodies (MVB's).- II.5. The Fate of Lysosomes.- II.6. Lysosome Heterogeneity.- III. Lysosomes in Turnover and Modulation.- III.1. Turnover of Cells and Tissues of Higher Animals and Features of Developmental Remodelling.- III.2. Turnover of Extracellular Materials.- III.3. Turnover of Circulating Macromolecules.- III.4. Intracellular Turnover.- III.5. Turnover of Photoreceptor Membranes.- IV. Pathology.- IV.1. Lysosomal Storage Diseases.- IV.2. Lysosomes and Infection.- IV.3. The Pathological Release of Enzymes to Extracellular Spaces; Arthritis, Inflammation, and Related Phenomena.- IV.4. The Intracellular Release of Hydrolases: Lysosome Fragility, Labilizers, and Stabilizers.- IV.5. Lysosomes in Immune Responses.- V. Some Special Topics and Some Loose Ends.- V.1. Lysosomes in Plant Cells.- V.2. Hydrolases in Secretory Cells.- V.3. Lysosomes in Animal Gametes.- V.4. Closing Comments.- Acknowledgements.