In the 1940s I was struck by reports about many apparently healthy middle-aged men who dropped dead instantly from heart attacks. The causes of these sudden deaths were unknown. I was interested to discover physio-chemical characteristics of individuals with predictive value for the occurrence of these fatal heart attacks. The discovery ofpreventive variables would point ways to prevent this disease. In order to find relationships between mode of life and susceptibility to heart disease contrasting populations had to be studied. Variety - not a high degree of homogeneity in culture and habits - must be sought. After exploratory surveys in countries with supposed differences in dietary patterns, lifestyle and heart disease rates in the early 1950s, the Seven Countries Study took off in 1958. This study established relationships between risk factors and development of heart disease in middle-aged men in health examined in countries with cultures we demonstrated to contrast in diet and lifestyle. The results obtained in the Seven Countries Study from its inception till now are presented in this book entitled: "Prevention ofcoronary heart disease. Diet, lifestyle and risk factors in the Seven Countries Study. " Long ago I realized that our concern should not be restricted to the prevention of coronary heart disease but should be extended to all diseases and premature death.

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1. Part I: Background and the burden of cardiovascular diseases.- 1.1. Objectives and history of the Seven Countries Study.- 1.2. Populations and organization of the surveys in the Seven Countries Study.- 1.3. Prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the Seven Countries Study.- 1.4. Cardiovascular and all-causes mortality patterns in the Seven Countries Study.- 2 Part II: Diet, lifestyle and coronary heart disease.- 2.1. Diet and coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study.- 2.2. Diet and coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Study.- 2.3. Cigarette smoking, coronary heart disease and all-causes mortality in the Seven Countries Study.- 2.4. Alcohol and coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study.- 2.5. Physical activity, physical fitness and coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study.- 3 Part III: Biological risk factors and coronary heart disease.- 3.1 Serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study.- 3.2 Blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases in the Seven Countries Study.- 3.3 Body fatness, coronary heart disease and all-causes mortality in the Seven Countries Study.- 3.4 Type 2 diabetes, glucose tolerance and cardiovascular diseases in the Seven Countries Study.- 3.5 Electrocardiographic predictors of coronary heart disease in the Seven Countries Study.- 3.6 Multivariate analysis of major risk factors and coronary risk in the Seven Countries Study.- 4 Part IV: Implications of findings of the Seven Countries Study.- 4.1 Risk factors for global coronary risk in preventive and clinical cardiology.- 4.2 Diet, lifestyle and prevention of coronary heart disease The integration of observational and experimental evidence.- 4.3 Epilogue for the Seven Countries Study.