There are some types of complex systems that are built like clockwork, with well-defined parts that interact in well-defined ways, so that the action of the whole can be precisely analyzed and anticipated with accuracy and precision. Some systems are not themselves so well-defined, but they can be modeled in ways that are like trained pilots in well-built planes, or electrolyte balance in healthy humans. But there are many systems for which that is not true; and among them are many whose understanding and control we would value. For example, the model for the trained pilot above fails exactly where the pilot is being most human; that is, where he is exercising the highest levels of judgment, or where he is learning and adapting to new conditions. Again, sometimes the kinds of complexity do not lead to easily analyzable models at all; here we might include most economic systems, in all forms of societies. There are several factors that seem to contribute to systems being hard to model, understand, or control. The human participants may act in ways that are so variable or so rich or so interactive that the only adequate model of the system would be the entire system itself, so to speak. This is probably the case in true long term systems involving people learning and growing up in a changing society.

Inhalt
Perspectives.- A Dialogue on Ill-Defined Control.- Hijmans and Their Relation to Ill-Defined Systems.- Some Themes and Primitives in Ill-Defined Systems.- The Use of Optimal Control in Economics.- Biological Views of Adaptation Some Historical Accounts.- Control Theory Mb Non-Linear Analysis.- Adaptive Behavior in Manual Control and the Optimal Control Model.- Regulation, Feedback and Internal Models.- The Dynamics of Adaptation in Living Systems.- Artificial Intelligence.- Adaptive Control: From Feedback to Debugging.- The Role of the Critic in Learning Systems.- Examples and Learning Systems.- Conceptual Models of Ill-Defined Systems.- Motor Skills.- Creativity in Skilled Performance.- The Concepts of 'Adaptation' and 'Attunement' in Skill Learning.- Visuomotor Coordination: From Neural Nets to Schema Theory.- Language Acquisition and Adaptation.- Richly Specified Input to Language Learning.- The Sensible Brain: Adaptation as a Positive and as a Negative Factor in the Reorganization of Neuropsychological Systems After Brain Damage.- Development and Evolution.- Piaget and Education.- Implications and Applications of Piaget's Sensorimotor Concepts.- Failure is Not the Spur.- Genetic Algorithms and Adaptation.- Contributors.- Author Index.