All the papers in this volume were presented at a conference on Transportation and Urban Life, held in Munich during the third week of September, 1975. The conference was sponsored by the Special Programme Panels on Systems Science and Human Factors of the Science Committee of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The distinguishing characteristic of the conference and of this volume lies in the combination of systems science and human factors contributions in the field of urban transportation. The initiative for attempting such a synthesis came from the sponsors. It is increasingly realised that the complexity of contemporary problems which applied scientists are being asked to solve is such that the coordinated efforts of several disciplines are needed to solve them. The brief which we formulated for the conference and distribu ted in our international call for papers was as follows: "The conference is intended to highlight significant psycho logical, SOCiological and economic aspects of transportation and urban life and to present new techniques which can be applied to these aspects and their interfaces". Papers were invited in four topic areas: Communities (transportation problems in relation to social needs, residential planning, industry and c0l1lITlerce) ; Cities and large urban areas (the econOlnic environment, material fl~l, resources); Regional development and transportation (administration and management at the project and multiprogramme level); and Quality of life and transportation (noise, visual intrusion, severance, air pollution).

Inhalt
Section 1 Regional and Urban Transportation Planning.- Better Towns with Less Traffic.- Recent Changes in Transportation and Urban Planning.- Transportation and Land-Use: Problems in Recent Urban Planning Concepts.- The Quality of Urban Life and of Transportation Systems as Determinants of Regional Development Plans.- Land-Use as an Element of Community Structure and Transport.- Section 2 Transportation Planning in Developing Countries.- Problems of Long-Range Travel Behaviour Forecasts in Developing Countries.- Transportation and Urban Life in Developing Nations.- The Relation between Socio-Economic Development and Transportation in Turkey.- Section 3 Modelling and Quantitative Techniques.- Analysis Tools for Evaluating the Effects of Land-Use and Fiscal Control Policies in Developing Communities.- The Sensitivity of Transport Model Output to Variation in Input Assumptions about Travellers' Behaviour.- Roads for New Communities.- Section 4 The Development and Operation of Public Transport Systems.- Australian Government Involvement in Urban Transport.- Cluster Analysis of West German Towns with Special Reference to Personal Rapid Transit Systems.- Human Factors and Ergonomic Considerations in the Design of Automatic Transit Systems.- Peak Period Underground Rail Travel The London Experience.- Analytic Reflections on the Planning of Public Transport in Metropolitan Areas.- Section 5 Human and Social Factors in Transportation Planning.- Transportation as a Social Environment: Can We Change a Tradition?.- The Mutual Impacts of Transportation and Human Behaviour.- City Centre and Transport Planning Human Factors and Systems Science. A Problem of Imbalance.- Environmental Assessments for United Kingdom Urban Transportation Studies.- Section 6 EnvironmentalAssessment.- The Social Severance Effects of Major Urban Roads.- People's Responses to Pedestrianisation Schemes.- Socio-Economic and Situational Factors in Urban Traffic Noise Annoyance Levels.- Motor Traffic Noise and Housing.- The Concept of Spatial Mobility and an Analytical Approach.- Section 7 Traffic Accidents.- The System Concept and the Study of Accidents.- A Quasi-Clinical Strategy for Investigating Attitudes in the Transportation Domain.- The Relationship between Road Accidents and Urban Structure.- A Systems Approach to Urban Bicycle Safety.- Section 8 Citizen Participation and Open Planning.- Popper and Participation. A Solution to Urban Segregation.- The Question of Land-Use in the Participatory Transportation Study.- Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning.- Citizen Participation: an Administrative Strategy for Transportation Improvement.