Klemens Szaniawski was born in Warsaw on March 3, 1925. He began to study philosophy in the clandestine Warsaw University during World War II. Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Jan Lukasiewicz, Maria and Stanislaw Ossowskis, Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, and Henryk Hii: were among his teachers. Sza niawski was also a member of the Polish Home Army (AK), one of the young est. He was arrested and spent the last period of the war as a prisoner in Auschwitz. After 1945, he continued his studies in the University of L6dz; his Master thesis was devoted to French moral thought of the 17th and 18th cen turies. Then he worked in the Department of Ethics in L6dZ. In 1950, he received his Ph. D. on the basis of the dissertation on the concept of honour in knight groups in the Middle Ages; Maria Ossowska was the supervisor. In the early fifties he moved to Warsaw to the Department of Logic, directed by Kotarbinski. He took his habilitation exams in 1961. In 1969 he became a professor. Since 1970 he was the head of Department of the Logic at the Warsaw University. In the sixties Szaniawski was also the Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology. In 1984 he was elected the Rector Magnificus of the Warsaw University but the Ministry overruled the autonomous democra tic vote of the academic community. He served as the President of the Polish (since 1977) taking this post after Kotarbinski.

Inhalt
I. On Science.- 1. Some remarks on the philosophy of science.- 2. Information and decision-making as tools of philosophy of science.- 3. Method and creativity in science.- 4. Sociology and models of rational behaviour.- 5. Mathematical models and social facts.- 6. Science as a search for information.- II. On Inference.- 7. Inference or behaviour?.- 8. A note on confirmation of statistical hypotheses.- 9. On some basic patterns of statistical inference.- 10. A method of deciding between N statistical hypotheses.- 11. A pragmatic justification of rules of statistical inference.- 12. On sequential inference.- 13. Interpretations of the maximum likelihood principle.- III. On Information and Decision Making.- 14. Some remarks concerning the criterion of rational decision-making.- 15. The concept of distribution of goods.- 16. The value of perfect information.- 17. Questions and their pragmatic value.- 18. Two concepts of information.- 19. Types of information and their role in the methodology of science.- 20. Information in decision-making. Some logical aspects.- 21. Decision-making and future research. Some theoretical problems.- 22. On formal aspects of distributive justice.- 23. Philosophy and decision-making.- 24. The concept of unreliable information.- 25. On defining information.- 26. Rationality as a value.- Index of Names.