The quantum theory of magnetism is a well-developed part of contemporary solid-state physics. The basic concepts of this theory can be used to describe such important effects as ferromagnetic ordering oflocalized magnetic moments in crystals and ferromagnetism of metals produced by essentially delocalized electrons, as well as various types of mutual orientation of atomic magnetic moments in solids possessing different crystal lattices and compositions. In recent years,the spin-fluctuational approach has been developed, which can overcome some contradictions between "localized" and "itinerant" models in the quantum mechanics of magnetic crystals. These are only some of the principal achievements of quantum magnetic theory. Almost all of the known magnetic properties of solids can be qualitat­ ively explained on the basis of its concepts. Further developments should open up the possibility of reliable quantitative description of magnetic properties of solids. Unfortunately, such calculations based on model concepts appear to be very complicated and, quite often, not definite enough. The rather small number of parameters of qualitative models are usually not able to take into account the very different types of magnetic interactions that appear in crystals. Further development of magnetic theory requires quantitative information on electronic wave function in the crystal considered. This can be proved by electronic band­ structure and cluster calculations. In many cases the latter can be a starting point for quantitative calculations of parameters used in magnetic theory.

Inhalt

1. Introduction.- 2. Superexchange Interaction in Magnetic Insulators.- 2.1 Anderson Model of Superexchange.- 2.2 Many-Electron Superexchange.- 2.3 Orbital Degeneracy and Magnetism.- 2.4 Charge-Transfer Magnetic Insulators.- 3. Localized Magnetic Moments of Impurities in Metals.- 3.1 Virtual Bound State.- 3.2 Anderson Model of Localized Magnetic Moments.- 3.3 Interaction of Impurities.- 3.4 Orbital Degeneracy and Quenching of Orbital Moment.- 3.5 Criteria for the Existence of Magnetic Moments Based on Ab Initio Calculations.- 4. Exchange Interactions in Metals.- 4.1 Stoner's Model of Ferromagnetism.- 4.2 Spin-Fluctuation Theories of Itinerant Magnetism.- 4.3 High-Temperature Magnetic Structures of Ferromagnets.- 5. Ab Initio Approaches to the Electronic Structure of Magnetic Crystals.- 5.1 Spin-Density Functional Approach.- 5.2 Band-Structure Approaches in the Green Function Formalism.- 5.3 Magnetic Interactions Within the LSDA.- 6. Results of Band-Structure Calculations for Transition Metals and Their Compounds.- 6.1 Electronic Structure of Magnetic 3d Metals.- 6.2 Intermetallic Compounds and the Concept of Covalent Magnetism.- 6.3 Antiferromagnetic Monoxides.- 6.4 Magnetic Structure and Exchange Interactions in High-Temperature Superconductors.- 6.4.1 Magnetic Ordering in Non-superconducting Cuprates: Experimental Results.- 6.4.2 Band-Structure and Cluster Calculations of Antiferromagnetic Ordering.- 6.4.3 Exchange Interaction Parameters in High-TC Superconductors.- 7. Magnetic Impurities in Metals.- 7.1 Impurities in Aluminium.- 7.2 Impurities in Transition Metals.- 7.2.1 Impurities in Pd.- 7.2.2 Impurities in Nb and Mo.- 7.2.3 Impurities in Early Transition Metals (Ti, Zr).- 7.3 Impurities in Magnetic Metals.- 7.3.1 Fe-Based Impurity Systems.- 7.3.2 Ni-Based Systems.- 7.3.3 Co-Based Impurities.- 7.3.4 Impurities in Antiferromagnets.- 7.3.5 Impurities in FeCo Alloys.- 7.4 Interaction of Impurities.- 8. Conclusion.- References.