Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic/Hybrid Polymers

Polymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications.Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe.

This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. Each volume offer deep insight into the subject being treated.

• Volume 1: Structure and Chemistry

• Volume 2: Processing and Applications

• Volume 3: Biodegradable Polymers

• Volume 4: Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic/Hybrid Polymers

Autorentext

Vijay Kumar Thakur (Ph.D.) is a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, U.S.A. He has published more than 100 research articles, patents and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science and has published ten books and 25 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/ materials science. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of polymers (natural/ synthetic), nano materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.

Manju Kumari Thakur works in the Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Simla, India.

Inhalt

Preface xv

**1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1
Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4

1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4

1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5

1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7

1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8

1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8

1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10

1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11

1.4 Conclusion 11

References 13

**2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17
Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19

2.3 Sulfonamides 36

2.4 Miscellaneous 41

2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48

2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48

References 50

**3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67
Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen

3.1 Introduction 67

3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68

3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69

3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69

3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71

3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73

3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75

3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77

3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79

3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82

References 82

**4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89
Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91

4.2.1 Polyesters 92

4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92

4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93

4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94

4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96

4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydrideimides) 97

4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98

4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99

4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100

4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100

4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114

References 115

**5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125
Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V.

5.1 Introduction 125

5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126

5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126

5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127

5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128

5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131

5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131

5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133

5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134

5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136

5.7 Conclusion 137

Acknowledgement 138

References 138

**6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145
Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz

6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147

6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150

6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150

6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152

6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154

6.3.4 In Vitro Studies 155

6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156

6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158

References 159 **7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163
*Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucia...