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Earthquakes are a way of life on Earth, and, whether you live in an area that is often affected by earthquakes or not, every building, every road, every bridge, and, in fact, almost everything constructed by humans in which we walk, sleep, live, sit, or visit, has to be constructed to withstand an earthquake, by following local, regional, or national codes, laws, and regulations. Further to this, the science and engineering behind these constructions go further than what is mandated by government as a part of their practice. All construction, and, in general, all life on Earth, has some risk of seismic impacts.
A comprehensive description of any seismic action may be given only on a probabilistic basis and, in general, is very bulky and quite uncertain. However, for a variety of structures or systems that meet fairly simple models of behavior during earthquakes, a general description of the seismic action is not required, for prediction of the status of such facilities or systems may be sufficient to define one or more common parameters of seismic impact. Thus, it makes sense to search for optimal parameters of influence in which optimality is understood with the greatest ease with sufficient information.
This book contains a description of several models of seismic effects and examples of implementation of these models at specific sites. Using this information, scientists and engineers can design structures that are stronger, safer, and longer-lasting. It is a must-have for any scientist, engineer, or student working in or researching seismic loads and constructions with a view toward withstanding seismic activity.
Autorentext
Victor M. Lyatkher, PhD, is a professor, engineer, and inventor.. He was educated in Moscow and Leningrad, and has developed and patented numerous processes and machines. These deal mainly with renewable energy sources such as tidal power, water turbines, and vertical axis wind turbines. He developed a new method to forecast long-term variations in the Caspian Sea level, and designed a new kind of low head turbine. Mr. Lyatkher has worked for over thirty years in the wind and hydro-power industry. He has received several prizes and awards for his accomplishments, including the Prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Award of the Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, and five medals of the All Union USSR Exhibition, gold, silver and bronze.He has published numerous books (in russian) on the subject of renewable energy, and was the original inventor of helical turbine, patented in the USSR in 1983.
Leseprobe
Chapter 2
The Definition of Seismic Actions
Seismic actions are calculated according to two schemes: the relevant different schemes of definition and seismic hazard.
Scheme 1. When setting seismological terms of two parameters, macro seismic intensity, I, and the average interval, T I , between earthquakes of this intensity, the calculation is reduced to the construction of seismic effects on the basis of statistical generalization of the available instrumental data, classified according to macro seismic intensity and, sometimes, categories of soil (p.2.1). The results obtained relate to conventional flat ground with a uniform basis. The influence of local geological conditions and terrain is taken into account in seismic zoning and is specified by the recommendations of Chapter 3.
Scheme 2. In this scheme, the risk assessment begins with the recognition provisions of the possible foci of strong earthquakes (p.2.2). With fixed parameters recognized by earthquake forecast, impact is carried out on the basis of the model (physical or numerical) solutions of the problem of fluctuations, the surface of half-space under the action of evolving dislocation, shear simulating the earthquake (p.2.3, p.2.4), or on the basis of statistical data about the connection parameters of the ground motion parameters of the hearth and hypocentral distance (p. 2.5).
Scheme 1 is carried out at all stages of design for facilities of all categories of responsibility.
Scheme 2 is performed for installations of category I and II stages of technical and/or detailed design in areas with possible macro seismic intensity not lower than seven points MSK. Description form or parameterization seismic effects should be selected based on specific calculation schemes used for evaluation of seismic stability of constructions or structures.
This seismic action can be specified by the following parameters:
The minimum information can be obtained from the map of seismic zoning, the evaluation of possible intensity earthquakes (usually in points MSK, MM or JMA), and the average interval between earthquakes of this intensity on medium soils. Also, you must know the category of soil foundation objects (loose, medium, or hard) and conditions of flooding.
To clarify, seismic effects can be used with the following additional seismological a
Inhalt
Contents
Preface vii
1 Statement of the Problem 1
1.1 General Scheme of Estimation of Seismic Stability 3
1.2 Seismic Hazard 11
1.3 Variation of Seismic Hazard 15
1.4 Seismic Loads 20
2 The Definition of Seismic Actions 29
2.1 The Probability of Loads During the Earthquake of a Given Intensity 32
2.2 Recognition of Earthquake Foci 53
2.3 The Calculation of Seism Caused by Movement in the Earthquake Focus 61
2.4 Physics of Focus and Control of Seismicity 82
2.5 Seismic Forces for a Fixed Position and Energy of the Earthquake Source 99
3 The Influence of Topography and Soil Conditions
Secondary Processes 113
3.1 Influence of the Canyons 113
3.2 Dynamics of Water-Saturated Soil Equivalent Single-Phase Environment 117
3.3 Dynamics of Water-Saturated Soil as Multiphase Medium 121
3.4 The Real Estimates of the Property of Soils 145
3.4.1 Mathematical Formulation of the Problem 147
3.4.2 Examples of Calculations 152
3.5 Landslides and Mudflows 158
3.6 Waves on the Water 162
4 Example of Determination of Seismic Loads on the Object in an Area of High Seismicity 167
4.1 Assessment of Seismotectonics and Choice of Calculation of Seismicity 167
4.2 The Parameters of Impacts 171
4.3 Selection of Unique 179
4.4 Numerical Models of the Focus 183
4.5 The Influence of the Shape of the Canyon 189
5 Examples of Determination of Seismic Effects on Objects in Areas of Low Seismicity 195
5.1 Preliminary Analysis 195
5.2 Assessment of Seismic Risk on Seismological Data 201
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