Toxicology of Cyanides and Cyanogens

The basic and applied toxicology of cyanides and cyanogens has widespread commercial, occupational, environmental, clinical, forensic, military, and public health implications. This book provides a detailed and updated reference describing the properties, uses, general and human toxicology, clinical recognition, diagnosis and medical management, and countermeasures is therefore required in academic, medical, occupational, environmental, medico-legal, regulatory, emergency response, and military arenas. Edited by a world-renowned team of experts from academia, defense and industry, this book will be an invaluable reference for professionals, researchers and students in cyanide and cyanogens.

Autorentext
Alan H. Hall Toxicology Consulting and Medical Translating Services, Inc., USA
Department of Health & Human Services, Colorado School of Public Health, USA

Gary E. Isom Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Purdue University, USA

Gary A. Rockwood Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, USA

Inhalt

List of Contributors xv

Foreword xix

1 Acute cyanide toxicity 1
Andrea R. Allen, Lamont Booker, and Gary A. Rockwood

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Pharmacokinetic properties of cyanide 2

1.3 Pharmacodynamic properties of cyanide 4

1.4 Acute cyanide toxicity routes of administration 5

1.5 Neurological and behavioral effects following acute cyanide exposure 12

1.6 Summary 14

References 14

2 Chronic cyanide exposure 21
Jason D. Downey, Kelly A. Basi, Margaret R. DeFreytas, and Gary A. Rockwood

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Sources of chronic cyanide exposure 21

2.3 Chronic cyanide exposure in human disease 23

2.4 Experimental models of chronic cyanide exposure 30

2.5 Conclusion 35

References 36

3 Physicochemical properties synthesis applications and transport 41
David E. Thompson and Ilona Petrikovics

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Natural sources of cyanide 41

3.3 Isolation and characterization of cyanide 43

3.4 Industrial production of cyanide 44

3.5 Applications and uses of cyanide 46

Acknowledgments 50

References 50

4 Cyanide metabolism and physiological disposition 54
Gary E. Isom, Joseph L. Borowitz, and Alan H. Hall

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 Metabolism and toxicokinetics 55

4.3 Non-enzymatic detoxification of cyanide 63

4.4 Diseases associated with altered cyanide metabolism 64

4.5 Metabolism and endogenous generation of cyanide 65

References 65

5 Biochemical mechanisms of cyanide toxicity 70
Gary E. Isom and Joseph L. Borowitz

5.1 Introduction 70

5.2 Cytochrome oxidase inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction 72

5.3 Oxidative stress and inhibition of cellular oxidative defense 75

5.4 Cyanide-induced changes in cellular Ca2+ regulation 76

5.5 Cyanide-induced cell death and post-intoxication lesions 77

5.6 Alteration of intermediary metabolism and lactic acidosis 78

5.7 Conclusion 78

References 79

6 Environmental toxicology of cyanide 82
Samantha L. Malone, Linda L. Pearce, and Jim Peterson

6.1 Introduction 82

6.2 Environmentally relevant chemistry of cyanides 83

6.3 Occupational concerns 87

6.4 Ground/surface water 87

6.5 Exposure to cyanogens through diet 89

6.6 Dietary health hazards 89

6.7 Cassava consumption 90

6.8 Fires and smoke 91

6.9 Conclusion 92

References 93

7 Cyanide in the production of long-term adverse health effects in humans 98
Julie Cliff, Hipolito Nzwalo, and Humberto Muquingue

7.1 Introduction 98

7.2 Long-term adverse health effects 100

7.3 Conclusions 107

References 107

8 Pediatric cyanide poisoning 113
Robert J. Geller

8.1 Introduction 113

8.2 Sources of acute cyanide poisoning in children 114

8.3 Manifestations of acute cyanide poisoning 122

8.4 Cyanide antidotes 124

8.5 Conclusion 126

References 126

9 Sodium nitroprusside in intensive care medicine and issues of cyanide poisoning cyanide poisoning prophylaxis and thiocyanate poisoning 129
Prasad Abraham, Alissa Lockwood, John Patka, Marina Rabinovich, Jennifer Sutherland, and Katleen Chester

9.1 Introduction 129

9.2 History 129

9.3 Mechanism of action 130

9.4 Metabolism 130

9.5 Evidence for CN toxicity associated with SNP 132

9.6 Incidence of CN toxicity 134

9.7 Challenges associated with CNmonitoring 140 9.8 Safe use of SNP cli...