On a mountainside in sunny Tuscany, in October 1989, 96 people from 23 countries on five continents gathered to learn and teach about the problems of managing contemporary science. The diversity of economic and political systems represented in the group was matched by our occupations, which stretched from science policy practitioners, through research scientists and engineers, through academic observers of science and science policy. It was this diversity, along with the opportunities for infonnal discussion provided by long meals and remote location, that made the conference a special learning experience. Except at lecture time, it was impossible to distinguish the "students" at this event from the "teachers," and even the most senior members of the teaching staff went away with a sense that they had learned more from this group than from many a standard conference on science policy they had attended. The flavor of the conference experience cannot be captured adequately in a proceedings volume, and so we have not tried to create a historical record in this book. Instead, we have attempted to illustrate the core problems the panicipants at the conference shared, discussed, and debated, using both lectures delivered by the fonnal teaching staff and summaries of panel discussions, which extended to other panicipants and therefore increased the range of experiences reponed.

Inhalt

General Introduction.- I. Science in the Steady State?.- Section Introduction.- Lessons of History: Successive Challenges to Science Policy.- What is Happening to Science?.- The University System in Transition: Possibilities and Limitations of Universities in the "Steady State".- Professional Roles in Steady State Science: The Case of Italy.- U.S. Science Policy in the 1990s: New Institutional Arrangements, Procedures, and Legitimations.- II. New Roles, New Linkages.- Section Introduction.- The International Pattern and Determinants of Technological Activities.- Panel: The Role of Industry in Science Policy.- The Second Academic Revolution: The Role of the Research University in Economic Development.- U.S. Policy on Intellectual Property in R&D: Emerging Political and Moral Issues.- Panel: Trans-sectoral and Trans-disciplinary Networking.- Information and Communications Technology and Managing Science.- The Future: Steady State or New Challenges?.- Panel: Global Science Policy.- The International Organization of Scientific Work.- III. Selection and Management of the Research Base.- Section Introduction.- The Politics of Science Policy.- Strategic Policy for Science.- Strategic Processes and S&T Indicators: Towards a Key Role in R&D Management Systems.- Panel: National Experiences in Planning Strategic Research.- Panel: Strategic National Priorities and Internationalization.- Implementation and Evaluation of Science & Technology Priorities and Programs.- Options for the Future of Research Evaluation.- Analyzing Basic Research Goals for the U.S. Congress.- Panel: Peer Review in Evaluation.- IV. The Place of the Individual in the Science System.- Section Introduction.- Individual Autonomy and Autonomy of Science: The Place of the Individual in the Research System.- Research as a Career.- Panel: Educational Foundations for Career Flexibility.- Panel: Organizational Roles and Individual Autonomy.- V. An Exercise in Foresight.- An Exercise in Foresight: The Research System in Transition-to What?.