Building on the legacy of the groundbreaking first edition, the Editors of this unique volume have selected more than 100 leading emotion researchers from around the world and asked them to address 14 fundamental questions about the nature and origins of emotion. For example: What is an emotion? How are emotions organized in the brain? How do emotion and cognition interact? How are emotions embodied in the social world? How and why are emotions communicated? How are emotions physically embodied? What develops in emotional development? At the end of each chapter, the Editors--Andrew Fox, Regina Lapate, Alexander Shackman, and Richard Davidson--highlight key areas of agreement and disagreement. In the final chapter--The Nature of Emotion: A Research Agenda for the 21st Century--the Editors outline their own perspective on the most important challenges facing the field today and the most fruitful avenues for future research. Not a textbook offering a single viewpoint, The Nature of Emotion reveals the central issues in emotion research and theory in the words of many of the leading scientists working in the field today, from senior researchers to rising stars, providing a unique and highly accessible guide for students, researchers, and clinicians.
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Dr. Fox is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and a Neuroscience and Behavior Core Scientist in the California National Primate Research Center at the University of California, Davis. His work as a translational affective neuroscientist aims to bridge basic neuroscientific findings to our understanding of human emotion. Dr. Lapate is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. She has published a number of articles in leading psychology and neuroscience journals on the neural bases of emotion regulation and on individual differences in affective style. Her work is currently supported by the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Shackman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, a member of the executive board for the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS) Program, a core faculty member of the Maryland Neuroimaging Center, and the Director of the Affective and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory at the University of Maryland. He has published more than 50 articles and chapters focused on the neurobiology of emotion-related traits, states, and disorders and his work has been supported by the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Mental Health and Drug Abuse. He serves as an Associate or Consulting Editor at Emotion; Cognition and Emotion; Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience; and Personality Neuroscience. Dr. Davidson's research is broadly focused on the neural bases of emotion and emotional style and methods to promote human flourishing including meditation and related contemplative practices. He has published over 375 articles, numerous chapters and reviews and edited 14 books. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine in 2006. He is the author (with Sharon Begley) of The Emotional Life of Your Brain published in 2012.
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Acknowledgments Contributors Introduction Preface to Paul Ekman's Essay Richard J. Davidson How emotions might work Paul Ekman Question 1. What is an emotion? Emotions and feelings: William James and the present Antonio Damasio & Hanna Damasio Emotions are functional states that cause feelings and behavior Ralph Adolphs What is emotion? A natural science perspective Peter J. Lang & Margaret M. Bradley Affect is essential to emotion Kent C. Berridge Emotions: Causes and consequences Gerald L. Clore What are emotional states, and what are their functions? Edmund T. Rolls Active inference and emotion Karl J. Friston, Mateus Joffily, Lisa Feldman Barrett & Anil K. Seth Emotions are constructed with interoception and concepts within a predicting brain Lisa Feldman Barrett Afterword Regina C. Lapate & Alexander J. Shackman Question 2. How are emotions, mood and temperament related? Distinguishing affective constructs: Structure, trait- vs. state-ness, and responses to affect Kristin Naragon-Gainey Inhibited temperament and intrinsic versus extrinsic influences on fear circuits Jennifer Urbano Blackford & David H. Zald Distinctions among moods and temperaments Jerome Kagan Distinctions between temperament and emotion: Examining reactivity, regulation, and social understanding Lindsay C. Bowman & Nathan A. Fox Afterword Alexander J. Shackman, Regina C. Lapate & Andrew S. Fox Question 3. What are the dimensions and bases for lasting individual differences in emotion? Personality as lasting individual differences in emotions Rebecca L. Shiner The bases for preservation of emotional biases Jerome Kagan The psychological and neurobiological bases of dispositional negativity Alexander J. Shackman, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Edward P. Lemay, Jr. & Andrew S. Fox Reactivity, recovery, regulation: The three R's of emotional responding Richard J. Davidson Afterword Alexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. Fox Question 4. What is the added value of studying the brain for understanding emotion? Studying the brain is necessary for understanding emotion Tom Johnstone Brain and emotion research: Contributions of patient and activation studies Robert W. Levenson Understanding emotion by unraveling complex structure-function mappings Luiz Pessoa Brain studies can advance psychological understanding Kent C. Berridge Afterword Alexander J. Shackman & Regina C. Lapate Question 5. How are emotions organized in the brain? Discrete and dimensional contributions to emotion arise from multiple brain circuits Ralph Adolphs Brain limbic systems as flexible generators of emotion Kent C. Berridge At primal levels, via vast subcortical brain networks that mediate instinctual emotional reactions that help program higher-order emotional-cognitive abilities in higher regions of the brain and mind. Jaak Panksepp Brain architecture and principles of the organization of emotion in the brain Luiz Pessoa Variation and degeneracy in the brain basis of emotion. Lisa Feldman Barrett How are emotions organized in the brain? Tor D. Wager, Anjali Krishnan & Emma Hitchcock The brain is organized to emote Andrew S. Fox Neural circuit mechanisms for switching emotional tracks: From positive to negative and back again Kay M. Tye Afterword Alexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. Fox Question 6. When and in what ways are emotions adaptive and maladaptive? The ambiguous issue of adaptive emotions Jerome Kagan Maladaptive emotions are inseparable from inaccurate appraisals Phoebe C. Ellsworth Emotions aren't maladaptive Aaron S. Heller Cultural neuroscience of emotion Joan Y. Chiao Positive emotions broaden and build: Consideration for how and when pleasant subjective experiences are adaptive and maladaptive Barbara L. Fredrickson The social nature of emotions: Context matters Amy Lehrner & Rachel Yehuda Afterword Andrew S. Fox & Regina C. Lapate Question 7. How are emotions regulated by context and cognition? Emotion as an evolutionary adaptive pattern: The roles of context and cognition D. Caroline Blanchard & Brandon L. Pearson Individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction paradigms: Insights for emotion regulation Marie-France Marin & Mohammed R. Milad The role of context and cognition in the placebo effect Lauren Y. Atlas Emotional Intensity: It is the thought that counts Gerald L. Clore & David A. Reinhard Emotion regulation as a change of goals and priorities Carien M. van Reekum & Tom Johnstone Searching for implicit emotion regulation Matthew D. Lieberman Fighting fire with fire: Endogenous emotion generation as a means of emotion regulation Haakon G. Engen & Tania Singer Afterword Alexander J. Shackman & Regina C. Lapate **Question 8. How do emotion…