CATRINUS J. JEPMA This volume contains the various contributions that were made during the International Conference on Joint Implementation, held near Groningen, The Netherlands, 1-3 June 1994. The conference was initiated by The Netherlands' Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment -along with the Ministries of Foreign (Development Cooper­ ation) and Economic Affairs -and carried out under the responsibility of Foundation IDE (Groningen, The Netherlands). Its underlying idea was to bring together an international group of specialists on Joint Implementation (11) - from governments, NGOs, business and science -to discuss its feasibility of 11. The conference was timed between the 9th and 10th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) - which was by then considered as the most crucial phase preparing for the first Conference of Parties (CoP I; Berlin, 28 March - 7 April 1995) - in order to provide additional information or results that might serve as an input in the international negotiating process. The main purpose of the conference was, however, to sit back and have a reflection about what has now become known as 11, and evaluate from the perspective of academics, and practitioners, jointly with officials what promise the option really holds, and to evaluate under what socio-economic and political circumstances and conditions one could successfully proceed in setting out the framework for its further testing and l application.

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Preface. Abbreviations. Introduction; C.J. Jepma. Opening Address by the Netherlands Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment Hans Alders. Part I: The Scope for Joint Implementation. 1. Joint Implementation: A general overview; D. Pearce. 2. The Scope for Joint Implementation in `Energy for Tomorrow's World'; M. Jefferson. 3. Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A cost-effective approach; C.J. Jepma, Che Wah Lee. 4. Joint Implementation: A cost--benefit analysis; P. Vellinga, R. Heintz. 5. Joint Implementation: A critical approach; W. Hare, A. Stevens. 6. Joint Implementation from a Southern Perspective; L. Yaker. Part II: Institutional Options and Application of Joint Implementation: Meeting supply and demand. 7. Joint Implementation: Application and criteria; J.R. Spradley Jr. 8. Joint Implementation Institutional options and implications; P. Wrexler, I. Mintzer, A. Miller, D. Eoff. 9. Joint Implementation from an International Law Perspective; N. Schrijver. 10. Strategies to Head for Joint Implementation: The phased approach vs. bilateral framework agreements between nations; P. Vellinga, R. Heintz, N. Helme, J.-A. Gille. Part III: Thoughts on Joint Implementation from the Policy Perspective. 11. Joint Implementation: What the parties to the Climate Convention should do about it; B. Metz. 12. Joint Implementation as a policy issue; H.L. Graham. 13. Energy policies in some developing countries and Joint Implementation in the FCCC; W. Wisaksono. 14. Joint Implementation: Cautions and option for the South; R.S. Maya. 15. Thoughts and questions on Joint Implementation from the perspective of a country in transition; T. Faragó, C. Nemes. 16. Catalyzing a market for Joint Implementation projects; J. Leslie, S. Verdugo. Part IV: Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Carbon Offset Strategies: Cost studies and pilot projects. 17. Carbon offset strategies: A private sector perspective; M.C. Trexler. 18. The UNEP greenhouse gas abatement costing study: Implications for Joint Implementation; J. Swisher, A. Villavicencio. 19. Energy savings potentials, issues and constraints; M. Asaduzzaman. 20. Energy efficiencies of industrial processes and electricity production in European and non-European countries; K. Blok, D. Phylipsen, A. Faaij, E. Worrell. 21. Joint Implementation in the cement industry; J. Jansen, F. van der Vleuten. 22. The economics of managing carbon via forestry: An assessment of existing studies; R.A. Sedjo. 23. Forests absorbing carbon dioxide emission: One of the response strategies of the Dutch electricity generating companies towards global warming; H. Verweij. 24. Why Joint Implementation can boost demand side management in developing countries; W. Wilms. 25. A high efficiency lighting project: The Mexican ILUMEX project; L. Luzuriaga. 26. Joint Implementation: Difficult to implement? K. Roland, T. Haugland. 27. Opportunities for Joint Implementation projects outside of international agreements on greenhouse gas reduction; A.K. Sanghi, A.L. Joseph, K. Michael. Concluding address; G. Wolters. Index.