Marine Fisheries Ecology

This topical and exciting textbook describes fisheries exploitation, biology, conservation and management, and reflects many recent and important changes in fisheries science. These include growing concerns about the environmental impacts of fisheries, the role of ecological interactions in determining population dynamics, and the incorporation of uncertainty and precautionary principles into management advice. The book draws upon examples from tropical, temperate and polar environments, and provides readers with a broad understanding of the biological, economic and social aspects of fisheries ecology and the interplay between them. As well as covering 'classical' fisheries science, the book focuses on contemporary issues such as industrial fishing, poverty and conflict in fishing communities, marine reserves, the effects of fishing on coral reefs and by-catches of mammals, seabirds and reptiles. The book is primarily written for students of fisheries science and marine ecology, but should also appeal to practicing fisheries scientists and those interested in conservation and the impacts of humans on the marine environment.

• particularly useful are the modelling chapters which explain the difficult maths involved in a user-friendly manner

• describes fisheries exploitation, conservation and management in tropical, temperate and polar environments

• broad coverage of 'clasical' fisheries science

• emphasis on new approaches to fisheries science and the ecosystem effects of fishing

• examples based on the latest research and drawn from authors' international experience

• comprehensively referenced throughout

• extensively illustrated with photographs and line drawings

Autorentext

Simon Jennings and Michel Kaiser are the authors of Marine Fisheries Ecology, published by Wiley.

Inhalt
Preface ix

Acknowledgements xii

1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Fisheries of the world 1

1.2.1 History of fisheries 1

1.2.2 Fishery science 6

1.2.3 Diversity of fisheries 7

1.3 Patterns of exploitation 9

1.3.1 Boom and bust 9

1.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns 14

1.4 Why manage fisheries? 14

1.5 Objectives of management 15

1.5.1 Range of objectives 15

1.5.2 Balancing objectives 16

1.5.3 From objective to action 17

1.6 Meeting management objectives 17

1.7 Structure of this book 18

Summary 20

2 Marine ecology and production processes 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude 21

2.3 Phytoplanktonic production 22

2.3.1 Links between production and physical processes 22

2.3.2 Upwellings and fronts 24

2.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production 25

2.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production 28

2.4.1 Macroalgae 28

2.4.2 Mangroves 29

2.4.3 Coral reef algae 29

2.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants 30

2.4.5 Microphytobenthos 31

2.5 Heterotrophic production 31

2.5.1 The fate of primary production 31

2.5.2 Transfer along the food chain 32

2.5.3 Production of fished species 34

2.5.4 Linking primary production and landings 37

Summary 38

3 Fished species life histories and distribution 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Fishes 39

3.3 Invertebrates 41

3.4 Life histories 55

3.4.1 Sex sex reversal and sex ratios 55

3.4.2 Growth maturity and longevity 56

3.4.3 Egg size fecundity and reproduction 59

3.5 Distribution in space and time 62

3.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures 62

3.5.2 Migration 62

3.5.3 Larval transport retention and dispersal 65

3.5.4 Metapopulations 68

Summary 69

4 Population structure in space and time 70

4.1 Introduction 70

4.2 Recruitment 70

4.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships 71

4.2.2 Mortality during the early life history 78

4.2.3 Depensation 83

4.2.4 Regulation in fish populations 85

4.3 Density-dependent habitat use 86

Summary 88

5 Fishing gears and techniques 90

5.1 Introduction 90

5.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites 90

5.3 Modern commercial fishing gears 94

5.3.1 Towed fishing gear 95

5.3.2 Static fishing gear 103

5.4 Other fishing techniques 106

5.5 Conservation methods 108

Summary 111

6 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology 112

6.1 Introduction 112

6.2 Motivations for fishing 112

6.2.1 Food 112

6.2.2 Income 113

6.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour 115

6.3.1 Social 115

6.3.2 Religion 117

6.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution 118

6.4.1 Competing for fish 118

6.4.2 Fish wars 121

6.4.3 Fishers in the political process 122

6.4.4 Traditional management systems 123

6.4.5 Customary marine tenure 124

6.4.6 Co-management 125

Summary 126

7 Single-species stock assessment 127

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Balancing birth and death 127

7.3 Surplus production models 128

7.3.1 Stability 128

7.3.2 Models of population growth 130

7.3.3 Fitting models to data 130

7.3.4 Surplus production models in action 132

7.4 Delaydifference models 135

7.4.1 Delaydifference models in action 137 7.5 Virtual population analysis 138...