Fast Transverse Beam Instability Caused by Electron Cloud Trapped in Combined Function Magnets

This thesis presents profound insights into the origins and dynamics of beam instabilities using both experimental observations and numerical simulations. When the Recycler Ring, a high-intensity proton beam accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, was commissioned, it became evident that the Recycler beam experiences a very fast instability of unknown nature. This instability was so fast that the existing dampers were ineffective at suppressing it. The nature of this phenomenon, alongside several other poorly understood features of the beam, became one of the biggest puzzles in the accelerator community. The author investigated a hypothesis that the instability arises from an interaction with a dense cloud of electrons accompanying the proton beam. He studied the phenomena experimentally by comparing the dynamics of stable and unstable beams, by numerically simulating the build-up of the electron cloud and its interaction with the beam, and by constructing an analytical model of an electron cloud-driven instability with the electrons trapped in combined-function dipole magnets. He has devised a method to stabilize the beam by a clearing bunch, which conclusively revealed that the instability is caused by the electron cloud, trapped in a strong magnetic field. Finally, he conducted measurements of the microwave propagation through a single dipole magnet. These measurements have confirmed the presence of the electron cloud in combined-function magnets.

Autorentext
Sergey Antipov received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 2017 where his doctoral research earned him the 2018 Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Research in Beam Physics Award from the American Physical Society Division of the Physics of Beams. He is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow at CERN.

Inhalt
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................... viACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... viiABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... ix1 ELECTRON CLOUD IN PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ................................................................. 11.1 Electron cloud build-up .......................................................................................................................... 31.2 Electron cloud instabilities ................................................................................................................... 121.3 Electron cloud tune shift ...................................................................................................................... 151.4 Beampipe conditioning ......................................................................................................................... 172 BEAM DYNAMICS MEASUREMENTS OF THE FAST INSTABILITY ................................... 202.1 Beam manipulation and diagnostics ................................................................................................... 202.2 Dynamics of the unstable beam .......................................................................................................... 262.3 Beam stabilization by a clearing bunch .............................................................................................. 353 MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT OF THE CLOUD DENSITY .................................................. 433.1 Experimental setup ............................................................................................................................... 443.2 Schottky noise ........................................................................................................................................ 503.3 Measured electron cloud density ......................................................................................................... 564 NUMERICAL SIMULATION ................................................................................................................. 594.1 Electron cloud trapping in a combined function magnet ............................................................... 604.2 Numerical model ................................................................................................................................... 654.3 Electron cloud build-up ........................................................................................................................ 684.4 Electron cloud instability ...................................................................................................................... 815 ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE ELECTRON CLOUD INSTABILITY .................................. 875.1 Model of the beam-cloud interaction ................................................................................................. 875.2 Fast instability in Recycler .................................................................................................................... 925.3 Instability at higher intensities ............................................................................................................. 965.4 Landau damping of the fast instability using octupoles ................................................................... 976 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 102REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 105