Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation

The objective of this study was to increase the understanding of damage in composite materials with through-the-thickness reinforcements. As a first step it was necessary to develop new ultrasonic imaging technology to better assess internal damage of the composite. A useful ultrasonic imaging technique has been successfully developed to assess the internal damage of composite panels. The ultrasonic technique accurately determines the size of the internal damage. It was found that the ultrasonic imaging technique was better able to assess the damage in a composite panel with through-the-thickness reinforcements than by destructively sectioning the specimen and visual inspection under a microscope. Microscopic determination of crack location and lengths in a composite panel with through-the-thickness reinforcements was almost impossible. Five composite compression-after-impact panels were tested. The compression-after-impact strength of the panels with the through-the­ thickness reinforcements was almost twice that of the comparable panel without through-the-thickness reinforcement. REFERENCES 1. B.T. Smith, J.S. Heyman, A.M. Buoncristiani, Earl D. Blodgett, J.G. Miller, and S.M. Freeman, Correlation of the Deply TechniQue with the Ultrasonic Imaging of Impact Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Composites, Materials Evaluation, vol. 47, NO. 12, December 1989, pp 1408-1416. 2. NASA Tech Briefs, June 1987, p. 28. 3. P.M. Gammel, Improved Ultrasonic Detection using Analytic Signal Magnitude. Ultrasonics, Vol. 19, March 1981, pp 73-76. 4. R.C. Heyser, Determination of Loudspeaker Signal Arrival Times Part ~ Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 19, Dec. 1971, pp 902-905.

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Low-Temperature Photothermal Measurements of High-TC Superconductors.- Time Resolved Optical Detection of Electron Loss and Migration in CdS.- The EDDY Current Sensing of Gallium Arsenide Crystal Growth: Calculated Response.- Holographic Inspection of Wafers for Sub-Micron Defect Detection.- X-Ray Tomographic Techniques for Inspection of Electronic Components.- IC Chip Package Inspection with an Amplitude and Phase Scanning Acoustic Microscope.- High-Resolution Thermal Wave Imaging of Surface and Subsurface Defects in IC Metal Lines.- Determination of Degree of Thermal Barrier Coating Disbonding by Time-Resolved Infrared Radiometry (TRIR).- Infrared Thermal Wave Studies of Coated Surfaces.- Ultrasonic Evaluation of Low Density Powder Compacts.- Quantitative MRI Measurement of Binder Distributions in Green-State Ceramics.- Surface Acoustic Wave Probing of Ceramic Bearing Balls.- Optical Fiber-Based Sensing of Strain and Temperature at High Temperature.- A Fiber Optic RF Resonant Cavity Sensor for Strain Sensing-Forrcs.- The Detection of Damage and the Measurement of Strain within Composites by Means of Embedded Optical Fiber Sensors.- Evaluation of Optical Fiber Bending Transducer Development for Smart Structure Applications.- Cure Monitoring of Composites Using Multiple Acoustic Waveguides.- Smart Structures a Damage Detection Concept.- Wave Scattering by an Inclusion Having Imperfect Interfaces with the Matrix.- Analysis of Bond Quality by Resonant Ultrasound.- Interface Characterization by True Guided Modes.- The Reflection of Ultrasound from Interface Layers in Adhesive Joints.- Ultrasonic Reflectivity Determination of Interfacial Properties in Adhesive Joints of Aluminum Alloys.- Characterization of Glued Bonds Using Ultrasonic Reflected Beam.- Sonic Inspection of Bonds in Viscoelastic Composites.- Impedance Profiling for Bond Strength Evaluation.- Application of Lamb Waves for Evaluation of Lap-Shear Adhesive Joints.- An Ultrasonic Resonance Method to Determine the Acoustic Velocity of Thin Adhesive Layers.- Numerical Comparison of Experimentally Measured Ultrasound through a Multilayered Specimen.- Numerical Simulations of Thermal Detection of Disbonds in Lap Joints.- Thin Bondline Measurement of Adhesively Bonded Metallic Aircraft Structures using an Ultrasonic Analyzer.- Bond Strength Evaluation in Dissimilar Materials.- Characterization of Diffusion Bonds Using an Acoustic Microscope.- Transient Response of a Four-Ply Fiber Composite Laminate to an Internal Line Source.- Reflection and Transmission Phenomena for Transient Stress Waves in Fiber Composite Laminates.- Application of Time Dependent Green's Function Method to Scattering of Elastic Waves in Anisotropic Solids.- Ultrasonic NDE for Ceramic- and Metal- Matrix Composite Material Characterization.- Permittivity Characteristics of Kevlar, Carbon Composites, E-Glass, and Rubber (33% Carbon) at X-Band (8-12 GHZ).- Elastic Characterization of Orthotropic Composite Materials from Ultrasonic Inspection through Non-Principal Planes.- Nondestructive Determination of Elastic Constants of Composite Materials.- Ultrasonic Measurement of Elastic Constants for Composite Overlays.- Effect of Particle Orientation on the Elastic Anisotropy of Al/SiCp Metal Matrix Composites.- One Sided Inspection for Elastic Constant Determination of Advanced Materials.- Harmonic Generation Measurements in Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites.- Measurements of Elastic Constants of Thin Al2O3 and SiC/Al Composite using Coupled Ultrasonic Plate Modes.- Ultrasonic Modulus Determination in Composite Media.- Acoustic Emission Waveform Analysis in Composites.- Scattering of Lamb Waves in a Composite Plate.- Scattering of Impact Wave by a Crack in Composite Plate.- Damage Tolerance and NDE of Polymeric Composites.- Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Cracked Composite Laminates.- Anisotropic Gauss-Hermite Beam Model Applied to through-Transmission Inspections of Delaminations in Composite Plates.- Guided Waves for Porosity Estimation in Complex Shaped Structures.- Characterization of Composite Laminates using Combined LLW and PBS Methods.- Positron Testing of Carbon-Fiber Composites.- Ablation Measurements in Thick Composite Materials.- Towards a Quantitative Ultrasonic NDE of Thick Composites.- Defects in Thick Composites and Some Methods to Locate Them.- NDE of Thick Composites in the Aerospace Industry - An Overview.- NDE Requirements for Thick Marine Composites.- Characterization of Porosity in Thick Graphite/Epoxy Composites.- Some Elastic Moduli of Three Thick Composites.- Damage Assessment and Residual Compression Strength of Thick Composite Plates with Through-The-Thickness Reinforcements.- Ultrasonic Characterization of Multilayered Thick Composite Plates.- Response of a Thick Orthotropic Composite Material to Dynamic Surface Line Loads and the Application to Elastic Constant Determination.- Model-Based Iterative Flaw Sizing for Thick Composites.- Measurement of the Hydride Content in Zr-Nb Pressure Tubes by the Third Order Elastic Constants.- Determination of Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Solids from Group Velocity Data.- Determination of Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Materials from Oblique Angle Ultrasonic Measurements I: Analysis.- Determination of Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Materials from Oblique Angle Ultrasonic Wave Measurements II: Experimental.- Nonlinear Acoustics, a Technique to Determine Microstructural Changes in Materials.- Influence of Microstructure on Ultrasonic Velocity in Nimonic Alloy PE16.- Nondestructive Methods for Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys.- Nondestructive Determination of Hardening Depth in Induction Hardened Components by Ultrasonic Backscattering.- Ultrasonic Backscattering from Polycrystalline Aggregates using Time-Domain Linear Response Theory.- A Technique for Quantitatively Measuring Microstructurally Induced Ultrasonic Noise.- Measurement of Material Constants for the Surface Impedance Boundary Condition.- A New Infrared Measurement Method for Determination of Anisotropic Thermal Conductivities of Plastic Foils.- Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry in Characterizing Rock Fracture.- Review and Statistical Analysis of the use of Ultra…