Protecting the Ozone Layer

Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects Since the mid-1980s, the international community has adopted several significant instruments designed to reverse the degradation of the life support systems of the planet. None of these international agreements have been as successful as the 1987 Montreal Protocol in creating the incentives and mechanisms for protecting the ozone layer. Through the efforts of industry, government and public interest groups, national commitments and achievements have progressed further and faster than expected, while the list of controlled chemicals has expanded. Now in its second decade, the Protocol enters a crucial phase of its implementation. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects presents a wealth of information about the scientific, legal-political, and technological hurdles that we will have to overcome if humanity is to reverse its self-destructive course. The technology section in particular should appeal to industries affected by ozone layer protection as well as those affected by climate protection, since this is the first ozone publication featuring insights by the companies that spearheaded the major technological breakthroughs. Every initiative to improve the environmental performance of industry has been accompanied by pronouncements of economic devastation, from acid rain to auto emissions standards, from auto mileage improvements to the protection of the ozone layer. Each new initiative brought claims from industry that this situation was different, yet none of their predictions have come true. At a time when industry fights efforts to protect the environment, the ozone experience shows both how technical breakthroughs have enabled environmental protection policies to work in the past and how they will work again in the future. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects is the product of a Colloquium that was organized in September 1997 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Montreal Protocol. Contributions have been gathered from researchers and practitioners in the field, including some of the very same scientists whose work awakened the international community to the seriousness of the danger that humanity now faces. Other contributors include the scholars and diplomats who wrote and negotiated the text of the Protocol and its amendments, and the key figures who have been influential in convincing industry to support the process.

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List of Acronyms. Introduction: The Montreal Regime: A New Model for International Cooperation on Global Environmental Issues? P.G. Le Prestre, et al. The Scientist and the Politician. Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry: M. Molina. The Story of the Ozone Layer: Lessons Learned and Impacts on the Future; M.K. Tolba. The Role of Science. The Evolving UV Climate; J.B. Kerr. UV-B Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems; R. Worrest. Effects of UV-B on Plants and Terrestrial Ecosystems; M. Tevini. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and UV-Induced Immune Suppression; E.C. de Fabo. Effects on Skin and Eyes; J.C. van der Leun. UV INDEX: A Tool for Public Response; A. O'Toole. What Should be Done in a Science Assessment; D. Albritton. Commentary on Presentation by Daniel Albritton; G. McBean. The Role of Diplomacy. The Montreal Protocol as a New Approach to Diplomacy; R.E. Benedick. The Montreal Protocol: A New Legal Model for Compliance Control; P. Széll. The Use of Trade Measures in the Montreal Protocol; D. Brack. The Montreal Regime: Sticks and Carrots; P.H. Sand. International Cooperation: An Example of Success; J.A. Mateos. The Montreal Protocol: Whose Model? A. Khosla. Comments on Ambassador Mateos' and Dr. Khosla's Remarks; V. Buxton. The Montreal Protocol: The First Adaptive Global Environmental Regime? E.A. Parson. Comments: The Atmosphere as Global Commons; M.S. Soroos. The Role of Technology. Technology Assessment for the Montreal Protocol; S. Machado Carvalho. TEAP Terms of Reference; R. Van Slooten. Countries with Economies in Transition; L. Dobó, L. Kuijpers. Importance of the TEAP in Technology Cooperation; S. Rand, L.Singh. Scientific Objectivity, Industrial Integrity and the TEAP Process; L. Kuijpers, et al. Global Benefits and Costs of the Montreal Protocol; J. Armstrong. Lessons from the CFC Phase-out in the United States; E. Cook. Highlights of Ozone Protection Leadership by Industry in Developing Countries; J. Corona, J.I. Pons. Competitive Advantage through Corporate Environmental Leadership; M.G. Kerr. Lessons from the Thailand Leadership Initiative, the Vietnam Corporate Pledge, and the Global Semiconductor Agreement; Y. Fujimoto. Champions of Ozone Layer Protection; S.O. Andersen. Closing Comments; G. Taylor, E.T. Morehouse. Annex 1: Ozone Protection Chronology. Annex 2: The Tenth Anniversary Colloquium Declaration. Index.