The present book is the product of conferences held in Bielefeld at the Center for interdisciplinary Sturlies (ZiF) in connection with a year-long ZiF Research Group with the theme "Prerational intelligence". The premise ex­ plored by the research group is that traditional notions of intelligent behav­ ior, which form the basis for much work in artificial intelligence and cog­ nitive science, presuppose many basic capabilities which are not trivial, as more recent work in robotics and neuroscience has shown, and that these capabilities may be best understood as ernerging from interaction and coop­ eration in systems of simple agents, elements that accept inputs from and act upon their surroundings. The main focus is on the way animals and artificial systems process in­ formation about their surroundings in order to move and act adaptively. The analysis of the collective properties of systems of interacting agents, how­ ever, is a problern that occurs repeatedly in many disciplines. Therefore, contributions from a wide variety of areas have been included in order to obtain a broad overview of phenomena that demoostrate complexity arising from simple interactions or can be described as adaptive behavior arising from the collective action of groups of agents. To this end we have invited contributions on topics ranging from the development of complex structures and functions in systems ranging from cellular automata, genetic codes, and neural connectivity to social behavior and evolution. Additional contribu­ tions discuss traditional concepts of intelligence and adaptive behavior. 1.

Inhalt

Preface. Part I: Introduction to Volume 1. Introduction to Volume 1; H. Cruse, et al. Part II: Intelligence and Prerational Intelligence. Introduction to Part II; P. Lanz. The Concept of Intelligence in Psychology and Philosophy; P. Lanz. Rational Behaviour of Animals and Machines; D. McFarland. The Concept of Intelligence in AI; I. Wachsmuth. Part III: A Case Study. The Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR) of the Electric Fish, Eigenmannia: The Processing of Sensory Information and Motor Control; W. Heiligenberg. Part IV: Intelligent Sensing. Introduction to Part IV; H.-U. Bauer, et al. Peripheral Sensory Modules Controlling Motor Behavior; F. Clarac, et al. Antennal Movements in the Honeybee: How Complex Tasks are Solved by a Simple Neuronal System; J. Erber, B. Pribbenow. Invariances in Visual Systems of Robots and Animals: Functional and Architectural Consequences; G. Hartmann. Retinal Coding for Vernier Acuity and Motion; C. Wehrhahn. Is There Parallel Binding of Distributed Objects? H.-U. Bauer, J. Braun. Synthesizing Complex Perceptions: I. Concepts of Visual Feature Associations Based on Neural Synchronization and Related Experimental Results in the Visual Cortex; R. Eckhorn, M. Stöcker. Synthesizing Complex Perceptions: II. Models of Visual Feature Associations Based on Neural Synchronization; M. Stöcker, R. Eckhorn. A Neurally-Inspired Approach to 3-D Visual Object Recognition; B.W. Mel. Modelling the Formation of Sensory Representations in the Brain; K. Obermayer. Part V: Intelligent Motor Output/Sensorimotor Coupling. Low Level:- Introduction to Part V; H. Cruse, et al. Distributed Processing vs. DedicatedNeurons in the Production of Simple Behavioral Acts; W.B. Kristan, Jr. Flexibility of a Proprioceptive Feedback System Results From Its `Parliamentary' (Distributed) Organization; A. Büschges, et al. Load Detectors and Their Reflexes During Gait in Cat and Man; J. Duysens. Coordination of Redundant Manipulators: Reduction of Degrees of Freedom; S. Gielen. Movement Organization in the Frog Spinal Cord: Prerational Intelligence? S. Giszter, W. Kargo. High-Level:- The Neurobiological Roots of Rational Thinking; J. Paillard. A Behaviour-Based Controller Architecture for Reactive Underwater Robots; J. Ayers. Control of Movement is Distributed and Heterarchical; A.H. Cohen. Locomotion in Insects: Patterns Generated by Interacting Oscillators; J. Dean. A Modular Artificial Neural Net for Controlling a Six-Legged Walking System; H. Cruse, et al. The Control System of the Six-Legged TUM Walking Robot; J. Steuer, et al. An Arbitrary Architecture for an Artificial Arthropod; B. Webb. List of Authors. Subject Index. Author Index. Preface. Part VI: Introduction to Volume 2. Introduction to Volume 2; H. Ritter, et al. Part VII: Organization and Architectures. Introduction to Part VII; H. Ritter, et al. Representation of Space and Time in Motor Control; P. Morasso, V. Sanguineti. A Schema-Theory Approach to Specifying and Analyzing the Behavior of Robot Systems; D.M. Lyons. Where Neural Nets Make Sense in Robotics; G. Schweitzer, Jianyong Wen. A Bi-Directional Theory Approach to Prerational Intelligence; M. Kawato. MMC - A Holistic System for a Nonsymbolic Internal Body Representation; U. Steinkühler, et al. Locomotion in Machines: Approaches to Coordination in Machines Past and Present; O.E. Holland.