Patterns, Defects and Microstructures in Nonequilibrium Systems

One of the most fascinating and intriguing aspects of natural phenomena is that complex systems may undergo symme­ try-breaking instabilities leading to pattern formation or coherent temporal behavior over macroscopic space and time scales. Therefore the understanding of why order may appear spontananeously in open systems far from equilibrium and which planforms are selected among a large manifold of possi­ bilities has become a major theme of research both theore- cally and experimentally. These studies, first related to fundamental questions, appear now to be of technological importance, especially for materials science problems. Effectively during the last years, the whole field of materials science experienced a complete renewal. By using techniques able to operate in strong nonequilibrium conditions and hence to escape from the constraints of equilibrium thermodynamics, totally new mate­ rials structures have been processed. Such techniques inclu­ de ion implantation, laser beam surface melting as well as electron beam heating. For example, ion implantation proces­ sing is able to create surfaces with compositions markedly different from the bulk, leading to materials having new electric, magnetic or chemical properties. In laser annea­ ling, after the tremendously rapid melting and recrystalliza­ tion of the sample surfaces, microstructures with superior resistance to friction, corrosion, ... are frozen into place. Rapid solidification of alloys trigger the formation of quasi-crystalline structures. Ion beam mixing can modify the electrical properties of polymers or improve the adhesion of metallic films to ceramics.

Inhalt

Pattern Formation far from Equilibrium : The Free Space Dendritic Crystal.- Pattern Selection in Anisotropic Systems.- Pattern Formation in Models of Convection.- Patterns in Systems with Competing Incommensurate Lengths.- Computer Simulation of Quasi Two-dimensional Phases.- Non-Crystalline Solids : a Geometrical Approach in Curved Space.- Morphology and Phase Transitions: from Cellular Automata to Galaxies.- Chemical Waves in an Excitable Medium: a Quantitative Description.- The Morphology of Sedimentary Rocks.- Pattern Formation during Dry Corrosion of Metals and Alloys.- Thermoelastic-Plastic Transition and Dislocation Dynamics in Metals by Deformation Calorimetry.- Thermodynamics of Plastic Deformation.- Nonuniform Plastic Deformation and the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect.- Fatigue-Induced Nanoscale Patterns and Microstructures.- Reaction-Diffusion Approach to Dislocation Patterns.- Strain Bursts in Fatigue Experiments.- Thermodynamic Aspects of Continuous Damage in Brittle Solids.- The Energy Expression of the Microstructure in Thermally Activated Processes.- Experiments on Convection in Binary Mixtures.- Non-Equilibrium Laser Compound Synthesis.- Stability Criteria for Phases under Irradiation.- Phase Description of almost Periodic Patterns.