Physics of Liquid Matter

This book offers a didactic and a self-contained treatment of the physics of liquid and flowing matter with a statistical mechanics approach. Experimental and theoretical methods that were developed to study fluids are now frequently applied to a number of more complex systems generically referred to as soft matter. As for simple liquids, also for complex fluids it is important to understand how their macroscopic behavior is determined by the interactions between the component units. Moreover, in recent years new and relevant insights have emerged from the study of anomalous phases and metastable states of matter. In addition to the traditional topics concerning fluids in normal conditions, the authors of this book discuss recent developments in the field of disordered systems in condensed and soft matter. In particular they emphasize computer simulation techniques that are used in the study of soft matter and the theories and study of slow glassy dynamics. For these reasons the book includes a specific chapter about metastability, supercooled liquids and glass transition. The book is written for graduate students and active researchers in the field.

Autorentext

Paola Gallo is Professor of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics at the University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy. She graduated in Physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza in Italy and received her Ph.D. degree in Condensed Matter Physics from the University of L'Aquila, Italy. From 1994 to 1996 she worked in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with Prof. Sow-Hsin Chen. Since then her research has been focused on simulations of supercooled liquids and metastable water. Over her career she has contributed to characterizing the glassy behavior of supercooled water and the dynamics of water in confinement and in solutions. Currently, her research group focuses on the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of solutions for cryopreservation, of doped ice, and of water under extreme conditions: supercooled, superheated, in hydrophilic and hydrophobic confinement and in electrolyte and amphiphilic solutions. Mauro Rovere is currently Professor of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics at the University Roma Tre. He has worked on a wide range of topics in condensed matter physics with theoretical methods. He carried on a research activity on the structural properties of molten salts and liquid metals at the Physics Department of Trieste and ICTP in collaboration with Prof. M. P. Tosi. He collaborated with Prof. K. Binder and his group supported by a Von Humboldt research fellowship to study finite size scaling in the computer simulation of critical phenomena in simple liquids. After obtaining his position at the Roma Tre University he started his activity on the physics of water. In particular now his research is focused on the properties of water under extreme conditions, supercooled water, supercritical water, water in confinement, aqueous solutions of salts with the use of computer simulation methods.

Inhalt

Ch.1- General introduction to the liquid state of matter

Description of the phenomenology of liquids. Defininition of conditions for the classical limit. Introduction of different classes of liquids: simple, metallic, molecular etc. Defininition of complex fluids. Statistical mechanics methods as necessary tools for liquids state studies.

Ch.2- Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of fluid states.

Defininition of equilibrium and stability conditions. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation and its critical behaviour. Concepts of Statistical Mechanics to be used in study the fluid states. Relation between fluctuations and thermodynamics in the fluid phases.

Ch.3- Structure of liquids.

Effective potentials for classical liquid systems. Distribution functions in the canonical ensemble and in the grand canonical ensemble. Relation between the radial distribution function and the thermodynamics. The X-ray and neutron diffraction in the elastic limit to measure the static structure factor and the radial distribution function. The static structure factor close to the gas-liquid critical point. Structure of multicomponent liquids. Molecular liquids and some examples of structure of complex liquids (colloids, proteins).

Ch.4 Microscopic models for the study of liquids.

How to calculate from the microscopic model the structure of a liquid with analytical approaches. Classical density functional theory. The Ornstein-Zernike equation and the closure relations. Different approximations to calculate the radial distribution functions. Some examples: fluid interfaces, colloidal suspensions.

Ch.5 Methods of computer simulation: molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo.

Connection between molecular dynamics and statistical mechanics. Algorithms for time evolution. Equilibration procedures. Long range corrections. Ewald method. MD in different ensembles. MD for molecular and complex liquids.

Monte Carlo integration and importance sampling. Markov processes. Ergodicity and detailed balance. Metropolis method. Monte Carlo sampling in different ensembles.

Ch.6 Free energy and phase diagrams calculations by Computer simulation.

Description of the difficulties in computing the free energy in computer simulations. Different types of umbrella sampling methods. Finite size effects and finite size scaling methods. Simulation of critical phenomena.

Ch.7 Time dependent correlation functions and response functions.

Definitions of the correlation functions. Linear response theory. Properties of the response functions. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

Ch.8 Neutron and light scattering for liquid matter.

Neutron scattering and Light scattering in liquids.

Van Hove functions. Intermediate scattering functions. Dynamic structure factors. Relation with the response functions.

Ch.9 Dynamics of liquids.

Brownian motion. Langevin equation.

Mean square displacement and diffusion. Hydrodynamic limit. Equations in the hydrodynamic limit. Viscoelastic regime. Langevin equation with memory effects. Memory functions.

Ch.10 Supercooled liquids. Glass transition and Mode Coupling Theory.

Phenomenology of the glassy states. Thermodynamics of metastable states. Glass transition. Angell plot. The Adam-Gibbs theory. Dynamics of metastable states. The Mode Coupling Theory of the glass transition.

Ch.11 Static and dynamical properties of water and aqueous solutions.

Water molecules and hydrogen bond. The phase diagram of water. Supercritical water. Supercooled water and its anomalous behavior. Glassy phases. Liquid-liquid transition hypothesis and its consequences. Confined water. Water solutions. Hydrophobic effect. Hydrophilic solutes. Modifications of water properties in solutions.

Ch.12 Models and computer simulation of complex fluids and soft matter.

Mathematical models for biological matter. An example of computer simulation of a protein. Relation with experiments. Example of simulation of colloidal suspensions in external time dependent fields.