The Earth system consists of subsystems that include the atmosphere, hydrosphere (water), geosphere (rocks, minerals), biosphere, and humans. In order to understand these subsystems and their interactions, it is essential to clarify the mass transfer mechanism, geochemical cycle, and influence of human activity on the natural environment. This book presents fundamental theories (thermodynamics, kinetics, mass balance model, coupling models such as the kinetics-fluid flow model, the box model, and others) concerning mechanisms in weathering, formation of hydrothermal ore deposits, hydrothermal alteration, formation of groundwater quality, and the seawater system. The interaction between fluids (atmosphere, water) and solid phases (rocks, minerals) occurs both in low-temperature and also in high-temperature systems. This book considers the complex low-temperature cycle with the high-temperature cycle, a combination that has not been dealt with in previous books concerning Earth systems. Humanity is a small part of the biosphere; however, human activities greatly influence Earth's surface environments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, soils, rocks). Thus, the influences of humans on other subsystems, particularly mass transfer in the deep underground geologic environment composed of host rocks and groundwater, are discussed in relation to high-level nuclear waste geologic disposal and CO2 underground sequestration-topics that have not been included in other books on environmental science.

Autorentext
Naotatsu Shikazono earned his master's (1972) and doctoral (1974) degrees in geology at University of Tokyo, Japan. After that, he has been teaching and researching at the Geology Department of the University of Tokyo and Geochemistry Department of Keio University until 2012. He is now emeritus professor of Keio University, member of SFC Institute of Keio University, and Tokyo Gakugei University. His research is focused on the economic geology (genesis of ore deposits), global geochemical cycle and environmental geochemistry, He is the author of Introduction to Earth and Planetary System Science (2012, published from Springer) and Geochemical and Tectonic Evolution of Arc-Back Arc Hydrothermal Systems (2003, published from Elsevier). He is an editor in chief of Journal of Geography Chigakuzasshi, Japan) and a recipient of Takeo Kato Award of the Society of Resource Geology (2010).

Inhalt
Chemical equilibrium.- Partial chemical equilibrium.- Mass transfer mechanism.- System analysis.- Geochemical cycle.- Interaction between nature and humans.