This authored monograph presents the state-of-the-art improvements in 2D materials, focusing on their most significant achievements, as well as recent emergence and potential applications. The book discusses synthetic protocols as well as the structural chemistry and physical properties of various 2D materials and explores their energy-related utilization. The main energy harvesting applications such as piezoelectric generators, solar cells and hydrogen evolution reactions are analyzed, while special focus is also given to the related energy storage technologies such as rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors and wearable energy storage devices. This volume sheds new light on 2D materials and their applications and will be a useful tool for graduates and academics working in the fields of materials science, materials physics and chemistry.

Autorentext

Dr. Muhammad Ikram obtained his Master's degree (M. Phil Physics) from Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan in 2010. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the Department of Physics, Government College University (GCU) Lahore through the Pak-US joint project between the Department of Physics, GCU Lahore, Pakistan, and the University of Delaware, USA in 2015. He served as deputy director of Manuscript Science at Punjab textbook board (Pakistan). Later on (2017-to date), Ikram joined the Department of Physics, GC University Lahore as an Assistant Professor of Physics and Principal of Solar Cell Applications Lab. Ikram received the Seal of Excellence Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions Individual Fellowship in 2017 and 2020. In 2021, Ikram was included in the 2 % top scientists from Pakistan announced by Stanford University. His research interest involves the synthesis and characterization of inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials, 2D materials for water treatment optoelectronic, and electrocatalytic applications.

Mr. Ali Raza obtained his B.S (Physics) degree from the University of Gujrat (Punjab, Pakistan) in 2016 and his Master's degree (M. Phil) in Material Physics from Riphah International University, Islamabad Pakistan in 2019. Raza completed his M. Phil research work in the Solar Cell Applications Lab at GCU Lahore (Punjab, Pakistan) and later worked as a Research Associate in the same lab on the field of catalytic and energy harvesting applications of pure and engineered 2D materials (TMDCs, Graphene, h-BN, and MXenes). Currently, he is serving as Lecturer (Research) at the Department of Physics, University of Sialkot, Punjab, and has enrolled as a Ph.D. scholar at CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, CAS. His current research directions are the fabrication of functional 2D-Materials for catalytic and other energy-harvesting applications. Prof. Dr. Salamat Ali is working as a Professor of Physics at Riphah Institute of Computing and Applied Sciences (RICAS), Riphah International University Lahore Campus, and Retired as a Full Professor of Physics from GC University Lahore. He has completed his Ph.D. in 1996 from the Durham University, U.K. in Superconductivity and Magnetism and his Post-Doc. in 2006 from the K.F. University of Graz, Austria, with specialization in Nanotechnology. He also completed training in Solar Cell Technology from the University of Delaware, USA in 2012. His current research interests include Water purifications, Sensor technology, Development of medicines for cancer treatment. He has 35 years of experience in Material Science.

Inhalt

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Why 2D materials?References Chapter 2Advances in Ultrathin 2D Materials2.1 Revolution of 2D materials2.2 Recent advances2.2.1 Research highlights2.3 Classification of 2DMs2.3.1 Layered van der Waals solids2.3.2 Layered ionic solids2.3.3 Surface assisted non-layered solidsReferences Chapter 3Composition and Materials Chemistry3.1 Graphene3.1.1 Structural chemistry3.1.2 Edge alignment in graphene3.1.3 Band engineering3.2 Transition metal dichalcogenides3.2.1 Structural chemistry3.3 Mxenes3.3.1 Crystal structure3.4 g-C3N43.4.1 Crystal structure3.5 Covalent organic frameworks3.5.1 Design principle3.5.1.1 Symmetric topologies3.5.1.2 Asymmetric topologies3.6 Metal-organic framework3.6.1 Structural chemistryReferences Chapter 4Synthetic Protocols4.1 Micromechanical cleavages4.1.1 Scotch tape method4.1.2 Viscoelastic stamps4.1.3 Sandpaper-assisted exfoliation4.1.4 Electrostatic-assisted exfoliation4.1.5 Wet-grinding technique4.1.6 Wet-jet milling method4.1.7 Liquid exfoliations4.1.7.1 Sonication-assisted liquid exfoliation4.1.7.1.1 Sonication type and power4.1.7.1.2 Sonication time4.1.7.2 Shear force-assisted liquid exfoliation4.2 Ion intercalation exfoliation4.2.1 Intercalation routes4.2.1.1 Chemical intercalation4.2.1.2 Electrochemical intercalation4.2.1.3 Intercalation chemistry of 2D materials4.2.1.4 Mechanism4.3 Oxidation-assisted exfoliation4.4 Wet-chemical syntheses4.4.1 Hydro/Solvothermal synthesis4.4.2 2D-oriented attachment4.4.3 Self-sssembly of nanocrystals4.4.4 2D-templated synthesis4.4.5 Hot-injection method4.4.6 Interface-mediated synthesis4.4.7 Other WC-synthesis methods4.5 Chemical vapor deposition4.5.1 Graphene and hexagonal Boron Nitride4.5.1.1 Effect of substrate4.5.1.2 Effects of precursor and pressure4.5.1.3 Wafer-scale growth4.5.2 Transition metal dichalcogenides4.5.2.1 Effects of precursor and seed4.5.2.2 Substrate engineering4.5.2.3 Effect of temperature and gas4.5.2.4 Layer-controlled and patterned growthReferences Chapter 52D-Heterostructures5.1 Advances in 2D-van der Waals heterostructures5.2 Properties5.2.1 Band tuning5.2.2 Charge transportation in 2D heterostructures5.2.2.1 Mono-particle transports5.2.2.2 Generation of interlayer excitons5.2.3 Magnetism in 2D heterostructures5.3 Fabrication5.3.1 Mechanical transfer methods5.3.2 CVD growth5.3.2.1 One-step CVD method5.3.2.2 Two-step CVD method5.3.2.3 Multi-step CVD method5.3.2.4 Vertically stacked 2D heterojunctions5.3.2.5 Laterally stacked 2D heterojunctions5.3.3 Doping and chemical functionalization5.3.4 Electrostatically assembled heterostructures5.3.4.1 Flocculation5.3.4.2 Langmuir-Blodgett assembly5.4 Advance applications of 2D-heterostructures5.4.1 Tunneling devices5.4.2 Interaction with light5.4.2.1 Photovoltaic applications5.4.2.2 Light-emitting diodes5.4.3 Plasmonic devicesReferences Chapter 6Energy-related Applications6.1 Energy harvesting6.2 Mechanical energy harvesting6.2.1 Piezoelectric energy harvesting6.2.1.1 Piezoelectricity in 2D materials6.2.1.1.1 In-plane piezoelectricity6.2.1.1.2 Out-of-plane piezoelectricity6.2.1.2 Piezoelectric nanogenerators6.2.1.2.1 MoS2-based energy harvesters6.2.1.2.1.1 Superior piezoelectricity from grain boundary in MoS2 monolayers6.2.1.2.2 WSe2-based energy harvesters6.2.1.2.3 a-In2Se3-based energy harvesters6.2.1.2.3.1 In2Se3-based heterostructures for piezoelectricity6.2.1.2.3.2 Physical mechanism6.2.1.2.4 h-BN energy harvesters6.2.1.2.4.1 Performance of BN-based nanogenerator6.2.1.2.4.2 Mechanism6.2.1.2.5 Other 2D materials-based energy harvesters6.3 Solar energy harvesting6.3.1 Solar cells6.3.1.1 TMDCs in Si-based solar cells6.3.1.2 TMDCs in organic solar cells6.3.1.3 2D Materials in perovskites solar cells6.3.1.3.1 Device architecture6.3.1.3.2 2D Materials-based conventional perovskites solar cells6.3.1.3.2.1 Electron transport layer6.3.1.3.2.2 Hole transport layer6.3.1.3.2.3 Active layer6.3.1.3.3 Inverted perovskites solar cells6.3.1.3.3.1 Electron transport layer6.3.1.3.3.2 Hole transport layers6.3.1.3.3.3 Active layer6.3.2 Hydrogen evolution6.3.2.1 Transition metal dichalcogenide6.3.2.2 Graphene-like materials6.3.2.3 2D-MOFs and composites6.3.2.4 MXenes and composites6.3.2.5 Other 2D materials6.3.3 Oxygen evolution reaction6.3.4 Reduction of CO26.4 Energy storage devices6.4.1 Supercapacitors6.4.1.1 Graphene-based supercapacitors6.4.1.1.1 High volumetr…