Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress

A close examination of current research on abiotic stresses in various plant species The unpredictable environmental stress conditions associated with climate change are significant challenges to global food security, crop productivity, and agricultural sustainability. Rapid population growth and diminishing resources necessitate the development of crops that can adapt to environmental extremities. Although significant advancements have been made in developing plants through improved crop breeding practices and genetic manipulation, further research is necessary to understand how genes and metabolites for stress tolerance are modulated, and how cross-talk and regulators can be tuned to achieve stress tolerance. Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress: Biology and Biotechnology is an extensive investigation of the various forms of abiotic stresses encountered in plants, and susceptibility or tolerance mechanisms found in different plant species. In-depth examination of morphological, anatomical, biochemical, molecular and gene expression levels enables plant scientists to identify the different pathways and signaling cascades involved in stress response. This timely book: Covers a wide range of abiotic stresses in multiple plant species Provides researchers and scientists with transgenic strategies to overcome stress tolerances in several plant species Compiles the most recent research and up-to-date data on stress tolerance Examines both selective breeding and genetic engineering approaches to improving plant stress tolerances * Written and edited by prominent scientists and researchers from across the globe Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress: Biology and Biotechnology is a valuable source of information for students, academics, scientists, researchers, and industry professionals in fields including agriculture, botany, molecular biology, biochemistry and biotechnology, and plant physiology.

Autorentext

Dr. Aryadeep Roychoudhury is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. Dr. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi is Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Inhalt
List of Contributors xv

1 Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stress: Translating Research from Lab to Land **1
**P. Suprasanna and S. B. Ghag

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Drought Tolerance 3

1.3 Cold Tolerance 10

1.4 Salinity Tolerance 12

1.5 Need for More Translational Research 16

1.6 Conclusion 17

References 17

2 Morphological and Anatomical Modifications of Plants for Environmental Stresses **29
**Chanda Bano, Nimisha Amist, and N. B. Singh

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Drought-induced Adaptations 32

2.3 Cold-induced Adaptations 33

2.4 High Temperature-induced Adaptations 34

2.5 UV-B-induced Morphogenic Responses 35

2.6 Heavy Metal-induced Adaptations 35

2.7 Roles of Auxin, Ethylene, and ROS 36

2.8 Conclusion 37

References 38

3 Stomatal Regulation as a Drought-tolerance Mechanism **45
**Shokoofeh Hajihashemi

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Stomatal Morphology 46

3.3 Stomatal Movement Mechanism 47

3.4 Drought Stress Sensing 48

3.5 Drought Stress Signaling Pathways 48

3.5.1 Hydraulic Signaling 49

3.5.2 Chemical Signaling 49

3.5.2.1 Plant Hormones 49

3.5.3 Nonhormonal Molecules 52

3.5.3.1 Role of CO2 Molecule in Response to Drought Stress 52

3.5.3.2 Role of Ca2+ Molecules in Response to Drought Stress 53

3.5.3.3 Protein Kinase Involved in Osmotic Stress Signaling Pathway 53

3.5.3.4 Phospholipid Role in Signal Transduction in Response to Drought Stress 53

3.6 Mechanisms of Plant Response to Stress 54

3.7 Stomatal Density Variation in Response to Stress 56

3.8 Conclusion 56

References 57

4 Antioxidative Machinery for Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress **65
**Nimisha Amist, Chanda Bano, and N. B. Singh

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 66

4.2.1 Types of Reactive Oxygen Species 67

4.2.1.1 Superoxide Radical (O2) 67

4.2.1.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2) 68

4.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 69

4.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH) 69

4.2.2 Sites of ROS Generation 69

4.2.2.1 Chloroplasts 70

4.2.2.2 Peroxisomes 70

4.2.2.3 Mitochondria 70

4.2.3 ROS and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules 71

4.2.4 Role of ROS as Messengers 73

4.3 Antioxidative Defense System in Plants 74

4.3.1 Nonenzymatic Components of the Antioxidative Defense System 74

4.3.1.1 Ascorbate 74

4.3.1.2 Glutathione 75

4.3.1.3 Tocopherols 75

4.3.1.4 Carotenoids 76

4.3.1.5 Phenolics 76

4.3.2 Enzymatic Components 76

4.3.2.1 Superoxide Dismutases 77

4.3.2.2 Catalases 77

4.3.2.3 Peroxidases 77

4.3.2.4 Enzymes of the AscorbateGlutathione Cycle 78

4.3.2.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 79

4.3.2.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase 79

4.3.2.7 Glutathione Reductase 79

4.4 Redox Homeostasis in Plants 80

4.5 Conclusion 81

References 81

5 Osmolytes and their Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants **91
**Abhimanyu Jogawat

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Osmolyte Accumulation is a Universally Conserved Quick Response During Abiotic Stress 92

5.3 Osmolytes Minimize Toxic Effects of Abiotic Stresses in Plants 93

5.4 Stress Signaling Pathways Regulate Osmolyte Accumulation Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 94 5.5 Metabolic Pathway Engineering of Osmolyte Biosynthesis Can Generate Improved Abioti...