Modeling, Design, and Optimization of Net-Zero Energy Buildings

Bei Neubauten wird von den meisten Industrieländern langfristig das Ziel von Netto-Nullenergiegebäuden verfolgt. Dieses Buch hilft Planern bei der optimalen Nutzung von Simulationstools für die Planung von Netto-Nullenergiegebäuden. In dem Buch werden sowohl moderne Modellierungstechniken als auch eingehende Einzelfallstudien vorgestellt.
Das Buch wurde von international renommierten Experten erarbeitet und ist im Rahmen folgender Forschungsvorhaben der Internationalen Energieagentur entstanden: Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) und Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme (EBC).

Autorentext
Dr. Andreas K. Athienitis holds Research Chair in Integration of Solar Energy Systems into Buildings at Concordia University, Montreal, and is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering. He is the Scientific Director of the Canadian NSERC Smart Net-zero Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network (2011-2016) and the founding Director of the NSERC Solar Buildings Research Network (2005-2010). Prof. Athienitis is a contributing author of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC).

Dr. William O'Brien is an Assistant Professor in the new Architectural Conservation and Sustainability Engineering program at Carleton University, Ottawa. He is researching design processes and energy simulation for high performance solar buildings. He is currently a Subtask Leader of the International Energy Agency's Solar Heating and Cooling Programme.

Zusammenfassung
Building energy design is currently going through a period of major changes. One key factor of this is the adoption of net-zero energy as a long term goal for new buildings in most developed countries. To achieve this goal a lot of research is needed to accumulate knowledge and to utilize it in practical applications. In this book, accomplished international experts present advanced modeling techniques as well as in-depth case studies in order to aid designers in optimally using simulation tools for net-zero energy building design. The strategies and technologies discussed in this book are, however, also applicable for the design of energy-plus buildings. This book was facilitated by International Energy Agency's Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programs and the Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Programs through the joint SHC Task 40/EBC Annex 52: Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings R&D collaboration.

After presenting the fundamental concepts, design strategies, and technologies required to achieve net-zero energy in buildings, the book discusses different design processes and tools to support the design of net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A substantial chapter reports on four diverse NZEBs that have been operating for at least two years. These case studies are extremely high quality because they all have high resolution measured data and the authors were intimately involved in all of them from conception to operating. By comparing the projections made using the respective design tools with the actual performance data, successful (and unsuccessful) design techniques and processes, design and simulation tools, and technologies are identified.

Written by both academics and practitioners (building designers) and by North Americans as well as Europeans, this book provides a very broad perspective. It includes a detailed description of design processes and a list of appropriate tools for each design phase, plus methods for parametric analysis and mathematical optimization. It is a guideline for building designers that draws from both the profound theoretical background and the vast practical experience of the authors.

Inhalt
About the editors xiii List of contributors xv

Preface xvii

Foreword xix

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Evolution to net-zero energy buildings 1

1.1.1 Net ZEB concepts 2

1.1.2 Design of smart Net ZEBs and modeling issues 4

1.2 Scope of this book 4

References 7

2 Modeling and design of Net ZEBs as integrated energy systems 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.1.1 Passive design, energy efficiency, thermal dynamics, and comfort 10

2.1.2 Detailed frequency domain wall model and transfer functions 16

2.1.2.1 Distributed parameter model for multilayered wall 16

2.1.2.2 Admittance transfer functions for walls 17

2.1.3 Z-Transfer function method 22

2.1.4 Detailed zone model and building transfer functions 25

2.1.4.1 Analysis of building transfer functions 30

2.1.4.2 Heating/cooling load and room temperature calculation 32

2.1.4.3 Discrete Fourier Series (DFS) method for simulation 32

2.1.5 Building transient response analysis 33

2.1.5.1 Nomenclature 34

2.2 Renewable energy generation systems/technologies integrated in Net ZEBs 34

2.2.1 Building-integrated photovoltaics as an enabling technology for Net ZEBs 35

2.2.1.1 Technologies 36

2.2.1.2 Modeling 39

2.2.2 Solar thermal systems 45

2.2.2.1 Solar thermal collectors 45

2.2.2.2 Modeling of solar thermal collectors 49

2.2.2.3 Thermal storage tanks 51

2.2.2.4 Modeling of thermal storage tanks 52

2.2.2.5 Solar combi-systems 55

2.2.3 Active building-integrated thermal energy storage and panel/radiant heating/cooling systems 55

2.2.3.1 Radiant heating/cooling systems integrated with thermal mass 57

2.2.3.2 Modeling active BITES 58

2.2.3.3 Methods used in two mainstream building simulation software 62

2.2.3.4 Nomenclature 63

2.2.4 Heat pump systems a promising technology for Net ZEBs 63

2.2.4.1 Solar air-conditioning 64

2.2.4.2 Solar assisted/source heat pump systems 64

2.2.4.3 Ground source heat pumps 65

2.2.5 Combined heat and power (CHP) for Net ZEBs 66

References 67

3 Comfort considerations in Net ZEBs: theory and design 75

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Thermal comfort 76

3.2.1 Explicit thermal comfort objectives in Net ZEBs 77

3.2.2 Principles of thermal comfort 77

3.2.2.1 A comfort model based on the heat-balance of the human body 78

3.2.2.2 The adaptive comfort models 83

3.2.2.3 Standards regarding thermal comfort 85

3.2.3 Long-term evaluation of thermal discomfort in buildings 87

3.2.3.1 Background 88

3.2.3.2 The likelihood of dissatisfied 89

3.2.3.3 Applications of the long-term (thermal) discomfort indices 91

3.3 Daylight and visual comfort 92

3.3.1 Introduction 92

3.3.2 Adaptation luminance 94

3.3.3 Illuminance-based performance metrics 95

3.3.3.1 Daylight autonomy and continuous daylight autonomy 95

3.3.3.2 Useful daylight illuminance 95

3.3.4 Luminance-based performance metrics 96

3.3.4.1 Daylight glare probability 96

3.3.5 Daylight and occupant behavior 97

3.4 Acoustic comfort 98

3.5 Indoor air quality 99

3.6 Conclusion 100

References 101

4 Net ZEB design processes and tools 107

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Integrating modeling tools in the Net ZEB design process 108

4.2.1 Introduction 108

4.2.2 Overview of phases in Net ZEB realization 108

4.2.3 Tools 111

4.2.4 Concept design 112

4.2.4.1 Daylight 113

4.2.4.2 Solar protection 114

4.2.4.3 Building thermal inertia 115

4.2.4.4 Natural and hybrid ventilation 116 4.2.4.5 Building envelope thermal resistance 11...