Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology

For the promotion of global trading and the reduction of potential risks, the role of international standardization of nanotechnologies has become more and more important. This book gives an overview of the current status of nanotechnology including the importance of metrology and characterization at the nanoscale, international standardization of nanotechnology, and industrial innovation of nano-enabled products. First the field of nanometrology, nanomaterial standardization and nanomaterial innovation is introduced. Second, major concepts in analytical measurements are given in order to provide a basis for the reliable and reproducible characterization of nanomaterials. The role of standards organizations are presented and finally, an overview of risk management and the commercial impact of metrology and standardization for industrial innovations.

Autorentext
Elisabeth Mansfield is research chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. She obtained her PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. During her career at NIST, she received both the Bronze and Silver Medal of the Department of Commerce/NIST for extending thermogravimetric analysis to the microscale and for pioneering work on carbon nanotube purification and analysis. Elisabeth Mansfield is member of various standards committees, among them the ASTM committee on thermal analysis and the ISO committee on nanoparticles.

Debra L. Kaiser is a Technical Program Director in the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. She obtained her ScD in Materials Science and Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She worked as a postdoctoral fellow and consultant at the IBM Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, before joining NIST. After a productive research and management career, she now holds the position of Technical Program Director of the NIST Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety Program. She is vice-chairman of ASTM International Committee E56 on Nanotechnology.

Daisuke Fujita is the Executive Vice President of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. He obtained his MSc and PhD degrees in materials science and engineering from the University of Tokyo. Daisuke Fujita was senior researcher at the National Institute for Metals (NRIM) before joining NIMS as group leader in 2001. Subsequently he became Associate Director of the Nanomaterials Laboratory at NIMS, Managing Director of the Advanced Nano Characterization Center, Coordinating Director of the Key Nanotechnologies Division, and Director of the Advanced Key Technologies Division before assuming his current responsibilities

Marcel Van de Voorde has 40 years` experience in European Research Organisations including CERN-Geneva, European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy and management, especially in European research institutions. He holds a Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, as well as multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary Professorships.
He is senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, in Salzburg and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a Fellow of various scientific societies and has been decorated by the Belgian King. He has authored of multiple scientific and technical publications and co-edited multiple books in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Inhalt

Foreword XXVII

Preface XXIX

1 Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges 1
Ajit Jillavenkatesa

1.1 Standards and Standardization 1

1.2 Nanotechnology Standardization 2

1.3 Nanomaterial Standardization 8

1.4 Challenges 9

1.5 Opportunities 12

1.6 Summary 13

Part One Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties 15

2 Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities 17
Frederick C. Klaessig

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework 19

2.3 Nano-objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors 24

2.4 Collections of Nano-Objects 27

2.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry 31

2.6 National Definitions 32

2.7 Nomenclature 34

2.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization 42

2.9 Concluding Remarks 44

Acknowledgments 44

References 45

3 Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials 49
Marcel Van de Voorde, Maciej Tulinski, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk

3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 49

3.2 Nanomaterials' Morphologies 49

3.3 Types of Nanomaterials 53

3.4 Properties of Nanomaterials 58

3.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 61

3.6 Conclusions and Outlook 69

References 70

4 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods 75
Maciej Tulinski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk

4.1 Classification 75

4.2 Physical Methods 78

4.3 Chemical Methods 82

4.4 Mechanical Methods 87

4.5 Biological Synthesis 94

4.6 Summary 95

References 96

5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 99
Linda J. Johnston, Elisabeth Mansfield, and Gregory J. Smallwood

5.1 Introduction 99

5.2 Composition 100

5.3 Size and Size Distribution 102

5.4 Morphology and Shape 105

5.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration 107

5.6 Surface Properties 108

5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 110

References 111

6 Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 115
Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Gyeong Son, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and Jeong Hun Kim

6.1 Introduction 115

6.2 Biological Properties of ENMs 116

6.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties 123

6.4 Conclusions 125

References 125

Part Two Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials 129

7 Characterization of Nanomaterials 131
Alan F. Rawle

7.1 Introduction 131

7.2 Size 133

7.3 Shape 136

7.4 Surface 139

7.5 Solubility 142

7.6 International Standards and Standardization 144

7.7 Summary 146

Acknowledgments 146

References 147

8 Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials 151
Aleksandr B. Stefaniak

8.1 Introduction 151

8.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization 154

8.3 Summary 169

List of Abbreviations 169

Disclaimer 170

References 170

9 Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments 175
Bryant C. Nelson and Vytas Reipa

9.1 Introduction 175

9.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments 175

9.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air 177 9...