Mass Transfer and Kinetics of Ion Exchange

While ion-exchange processes were originally used for the treatment of very dilute solutions, many applications for the treatment of concentrated solu­ tions have been developed in recent years. In these situations, the mass­ transfer bottlenecks are located in the~, rather than the liquid phase. Therefore, the development of quantitative models for ion-exchange kinetics requires knowledge about the conductance characteristics of ions and solvent in the solid phase. A useful approach towards this aim is the study of trans­ port characteristics of these species, and of their interactions in solid ion­ exchange membranes. Many different transport processes and related phenomena can be observed in membrane-solution systems, e.g., ion migration, electroosmosis, diffusion arid self-diffusion, osmosis, hydraulic flow, hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis) or ultrafiltration, streaming potential and streaming current, and membrane potentials (also called "membrane concentration potentials"). It is important to correlate all these phenomena so as to avoid a very large number of unnec­ essary measurements. Such correlation is often possible [Meares, 1976] since all these phenomena are determined by the ease of migration of the different species across the membrane. Important correlations have been made and summar­ ized even before high-capacity ion-exchange membranes became commercially available [Sollner, 1950, 197iJ.

Inhalt

1. On the Synthesis of Ion-Exchange Resins.- On the Structure of Ion-Exchange Resins.- 2. The Nature and Properties of Acrylic Anion Exchange Resins.- 3. Selectivity and Ion Speciation in Cation-Exchange Resins.- 4. The Molecular Basis of Ionic Selectivity in Macroscopic Systems.- 5. Ion Exchange Kinetics -- Evolution of a Theory.- 6. Planning and Interpreting Kinetic Investigations.- 7. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics - a General Framework to Describe Transport and Kinetics in Ion Exchange.- 8. Column Design for Sorption Processes.- 9. Dynamics of Ion Exchange Processes.- 10. Simplified Approach to Design of Fixed Bed Adsorbers.- 11. Ion-Exchange Membranes.- 12. The Nernst-Planck Equation in Thermodynamic Transport Theories.- 13. Water and Salt Transport in Two Cation-Exchange Membranes.