By 1700, the Protestants of Europe, above all the Calvinists (Reformed), felt threatened anew by Roman Catholicism. Activists, especially Huguenot émigrés, pleaded to friendly rulers to restore Protestantism in France and to protect it in the Holy Roman Empire as aims in their wars against Louis XIV. This activism peaked during the War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1714, but to no avail. The peace of 1713-1715 brought only token gains for the continental Protestant interest; both the Allied and the Bourbon powers were absorbed in such secular concerns as state sovereignty, dynasticism, collective security, and trade. The activists were victims of the maturing European states system and of their own archaic world-view.

Autorentext

The Author: Laurence Huey Boles, Jr. holds three degrees in History: a Bachelor of Arts from Yale University, 1963; a Master of Arts from Case Western Reserve University, 1966, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Northern Arizona University, 1994. He is currently an instructor in History at Northern Arizona University and at Coconino County Community College, also in Flagstaff.