Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes

During the past decade a significant international research effort has been directed towards understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perforation of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and potentially, pronounced visual disability and blindness. 7 To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance was held in the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda from November 14 to 17, 1992. This meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and 'state of the art' research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue and tears in both health and disease. The goal of this conference was to provide an international exchange of information that would be of value to basic scientists involved in eye research, to physicians in the ophthalmological community, and to pharmaceutical companies with an interest in the treatment of lacrimal gland, tear film or ocular surface disorders (e. g. Sjogren's syndrome).

Inhalt

Keynote Address.- Regulation of Tear Secretion.- Lacrimal Gland: Anatomy and Innervation.- The Anatomy and Innervation of Lacrimal Glands.- Light and Electron Microscopic Morphology of Accessory Lacrimal Glands.- Immunohistochemistry and Protein Secretion in the Rat Lacrimal Gland: A Morphophysiological Study.- Carbonic Anhydrase and Acinar Cell Heterogeneity in Rat and Rabbit Lacrimal Glands.- Basement Membrane Modulation of Stimulated Secretion by Lacrimal Acinar Cells.- Galactose-Binding Sites in the Acinar Cells of the Human Accessory Lacrimal Gland.- Thoughts on the Ductules of the Aging Human Lacrimal Gland.- The Parenchyma Accompanying Major Extraglandular Ducts within the Rat Lacrimal Cord.- Protein Secretion and the Identification of Neurotransmitters in the Isolated Pig Lacrimal Gland.- Anti-Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Like Immunoreactivity in Lacrimal Glands.- Innervation and Mast Cells of the Rat Lacrimal Gland: The Effects of Age.- Immunogold Localization of Prolactin in Acinar Cells of Lacrimal Gland.- Lacrimal Gland: Electrophysiology, Water and Ion Transport.- Subcellular Organization of Ion Transporters in Lacrimal Acinar Cells: Seeretagogue-Induced Dynamics.- Effect of Acetylcholine on the Membrane Conductance of the Intralobular Duct Cells of the Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland.- The Circadian Rhythm of Lacrimal Secretion and Its Parameters, Determined in a Group of Healthy Individuals, and Its Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Significance.- Effects of Dihydrotestosterone and Prolactin on Lacrimal Gland Function.- A Na: H Exchanger Subtype Mediates Volume Regulation in Bovine Corneal Epithelial Cells.- Endocytosis and Exocytosis in Rabbit Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cells.- Lacrimal Gland: Signal Transduction and Protein Secretion.- The Inositol Phosphate-Calcium Signalling System in Lacrimal Gland Cells.- Characterization of Rat Lacrimal Gland Protein Kinase C: Effects of Phorbol Esters and PKC Inhibitors on Histone Kinase Activity and Labelled Protein Discharge.- Inhibition of Lacrimal Function by Selective Opiate Agonists.- Second Messenger Modulation of IgG Secretion from Chicken Lacrimal Gland.- Identification of Sigma Receptors in Lacrimocytes and Their Therapeutic Implication in Dry Eye Syndrome.- Role of Protein Kinase C in ?1-Adrenergic and Cholinergic Agonist Stimulated Protein Secretion.- The Role of Membrane Channels in IgG Secretion by Plasma Cells in the Chicken Lacrimal Gland.- Binding Characteristics, Immunocytochemical Location and Hormonal Regulation of Androgen Receptors in Lacrimal Tissue.- Lacrimal Gland: Immunology.- Regulation of Lacrimal Gland Immune Responses.- The Lacrimal Antibody Response to Viral and Chlamydial Infections.- Neural-Endocrine Control of Secretory Component Synthesis by Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cells: Specificity, Temporal Characteristics and Molecular Basis.- Lymphocyte Adhesive Interaction with Lacrimal Gland Acinar Epithelium Involves Carbohydrate Recognition.- Subclass Expression of IgA in Lacrimal Glands of Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome.- Influence of the Endocrine Environment on Herpes Virus Infection in Rat Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cells.- Sialodacryoadenitis Virus Infection of Rat Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cells.- Molecular Biological Approaches to the Study of the Lacrimal Gland and Tear Film.- Growth Factor and Receptor Messenger RNA Production in Human Lacrimal Gland Tissue.- Human Lacrimal Gland Secretes Proteins Belonging to the Group of Hydrophobic Molecule Transporters.- Transcription of Message for Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha by Lacrimal Gland is Regulated by Corneal Wounding.- Androgen Regulation of Secretory Component mRNA Levels in the Rat Lacrimal Gland.- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Induces Primary Response Gene Expression in Lacrimal Gland.- Tear Film Composition and Biophysical Properties.- Composition and Biophysical Properties of the Tear Film: Knowledge and Uncertainty.- Structure and Function of the Tear Film.- Ocular Surface Changes Induced by Repeated Impression Cytology.- Developmental Appearance of a Component of the Glycocalyx of the Ocular Surface Epithelium in the Rat.- Mixing of the Tear Film under the Eyelids.- Viscoelastic Properties of Human Tears and Polymer Solutions.- Effect of Age on Human Tear Film Evaporation in Normals.- Advances in Ocular Tribology.- Effect of Systemic Ingestion of Vitamin and Trace Element Dietary Supplements on the Stability of the Pre-Corneal Tear Film in Normal Subjects.- Patterns of Cytokeratin Expression in Impression Cytology Specimens from Normal Human Conjunctival Epithelium.- Increase in Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness Following Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.- Tear Proteins and Growth Factors.- Analysis and Function of the Human Tear Proteins.- Tear Protein Composition and the Effects of Stimulus.- Growth Factors in Human Tear Fluid and in Lacrimal Glands.- Re-Examination of the Origin of Human Tear LDH.- Tear Proteins and Enzymes in the Chimpanzee.- Comparisons of Tear Proteins in the Cow, Horse, Dog and Rabbit.- Tear Protein G Originates from Denatured Tear Specific Prealbumin as Revealed by Anti-TSP Antibody.- Tear Lactoferrin Levels and Ocular Bacterial Flora in HIV Positive Patients.- Vitronectin in Human Tears-Protection Against Closed Eye Induced Inflammatory Damage.- Mucopolysaccharide Degrading Enzymes (MPDE) in the Tear Fluid: A New Diagnostic Test for Rapid Detection of Acute Ocular Infections.- Tear Immunoglobulins and Lysozyme Levels in Corneal Ulcers.- Mucus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherence to the Cornea.- Measurement of Human Tear Lysozyme Using a Novel Synthetic Substrate.- Retrospective Use of Frozen Schirmer Strips for the Measurement of Tear Lysozyme.- Rapid Measurement of Selected Tear Proteins in Health and Disease Using the Touch Tear Microassay System.- Tear Film: Pharmacological Approaches and Effects.- The Tear Film: Pharmacological Approaches and Effects.- Influence of Various Pharmaceutical Agents on Tear Flow as Assessed by Fluorophotometry.- Neural Stimulation of Conjunctival Goblet Cell Mucous Secretion in Rats.- Bioavailability of Prednisolone in Rabbits: Comparison of a High-Viscosity Gel and an Aqueous Suspension-Single- and Repeated Applications.- Tear Film and Contact Lens Interactions.- Tear Film-Contact Lens Interactions.- Electrophoretic Patterns of Human Denatured Tear Proteins and Glycoproteins from Normal Subjects and Sof…