With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany.
The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant taxonomy, physiology, genetics and geobotany.
Inhalt
Review.- Fungal Genetics: From Fundamental Research to Biotechnology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trends in Fundamental Research.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- ?) Breeding Systems (first step, Fig. 1).- ?) Recombination (second step, Fig. 1).- ?) Gene Expression (third step, Fig. 1).- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- ?) Mitochondria (fourth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Plasmids (fifth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Genetic Engineering (sixth step, Fig. 1).- ?) General Importance.- 3. Trends in Biotechnology.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- c) General Importance.- 4. Trends in the Future.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Morphogenesis and Cellular Differentiation.- a) New Aspects of Shape Determination: a Tubulin-Homologue in Bacteria.- b) "Two-Competing Site" (TCS) Model for Shape Regulation.- c) Caulobacter crescentus as Model Organism for Cellular Differentiation.- ?) Chemotactic Machinery.- ?) Assembly of the Flagellum.- ?) Regulation of Cell Division and Biosynthesis of Cell Appendages.- ?) Control of Chromosome Replication.- 2. New Aspects of Cellular Compartmentation: Influence of Membraneous Compartments on Enzyme Activity.- 3. New Aspects of the Structure of Polyhydroxyalcanoic Acid (PHA) Granules.- 4. Macromolecular Structures of the Cell Envelope.- a) New Aspects of S-Layer-Structure.- ?) S-Layer as Adhesion Site for Polymer-Degrading Exoenzymes.- ?) S-Layers as Molecular Sieves and Immobilization Structures for Macromolecules.- b) Two Unusual Filamentous Proteins of the Cell Envelope.- ?) Tetrabrachion.- ?) Omp?.- References.- II. Cell Morphogenesis of the Algae: Cell Coverings and Extracellular Mucilage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Locomotion and Adhesion.- a) Desmid Gliding and Rising.- b) Diatom Gliding and Stalk Formation.- 3. Cell Surface Modification and Cell-Cell Recognition.- a) Sexual Agglutination and Surface Motility in Chlamydomonas.- b) The Haptonema and Cell Surface Phenomena in Prymnesiophyte Algae.- c) Sexual Agglutination in Dinoflagellates.- d) Cell Surface Recognition During Red Algal Cell Repair.- e) Sperm/Egg Recognition and Fertilization-Induced Exocytosis in Phaeophyte Eggs.- f) Ejectisomes, Mucocysts, Red Algal Spermatangial Vesicles.- g) Cellular Adhesion Molecules (Algal-CAMs) in Volvox.- 4. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Flagellar Hairs.- b) Silica Scale Case in the Synurophyceae.- c) Spine Scale Formation and Deployment in the Pedinellophyceae.- d) Calcified Scales in the Prymnesiophyceae.- e) Silica Wall Casings in Diatoms.- f) Glycoprotein Walls.- g) Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- 5. Polarity, Morphogenesis, and Cell Fate.- a) Polarity and Cell Fate Determination in Phaeophyte Zygotes.- b) Putative Role of Actin in Cell Morphogenesis of Micrasterias.- c) Cell Wall Microfibril Orientation and Cell Expansion in Siphonoclads.- References.- III. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 3. Shoot Architecture.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 4. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- b) Structure and Function of Dicotyledons.- c) Structure and Function of Monocotyledons.- d) Parasitic Plants.- 5. Vascular Cambium and Secondary Growth.- 6. Root Architecture and Biomechanics.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- 8. Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. The in Situ Analysis of Intracellular Aluminium in Plants.- 1. Aluminium, Plant Growth, and Crop Productivity.- a) In Situ Analysis of Intracellular Al.- b) Might Intracellular Al Play a Direct Role in Al Toxicity?.- ?) Cell Biological Considerations.- ?) Whole Plant Physiological Objections.- c) Studying Early Effects at Low Exogenous Al Levels.- ?) Relevance of Initial Effects to Whole-Plant Response.- ?) Prolonged Al Exposure, Cell Damage, and Physiological Conditions.- d) Microlocalized Monitoring of Al Effects.- 2. Previous Studies of Intracellular Al.- a) Bulk Analysis of Tissues.- b) Staining and Fluorescent Microscopy.- c) Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis.- d) Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry.- 3. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.- a) Sensitivity.- b) Lateral Resolution.- ?) Designating SIMS Image Areas as Intracellular.- c) Quantification Methods.- d) Root Background, Trace Levels, and Contamination.- 4. Absorption of Al into Root Cells.- 5. Future Directions.- References.- II. Regulatory Interaction of Carbon- and Nitrogen Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Storage of C- and N Compounds May Buffer Fluctuations in C- and N Supply.- 3. How N Regulates C.- a) PEP Carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31).- ?) Regulation of PEPC Gene Expression.- ?) Allosteric Properties and Posttranslational Modulation of PEPC.- b) Sucrose Synthesis.- c) Starch Synthesis.- d) Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Cycle.- 4. How C Regulates N.- a) Nitrate Uptake.- b) Nitrate Reduction.- ?) Regulation of NR Gene Expression.- ?) Posttranslational Control of NR.- 5. Prospects.- References.- III. Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Plants: First Molecular Approaches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.- 3. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Plants.- a) Adenylation and Phosphorylation.- b) Reduction.- c) Cysteine Formation.- 4. Glutathione Synthesis.- a) The Pathway of Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Regulation of Glutathione Synthesis.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: The Carbon Metabolisms of Unstressed and Stressed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Photosynthate, and Some Comments on its Movement and Deposition.- a) RuBP Carboxylase.- b) Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- c) Plastids and Their Envelope Transporters.- d) Starch and Fructans.- e) Sucrose Production.- f) Sucrose Movement and Deposition.- g) Mitochondrial Respiration and Chlororespiration.- 3. The "Stress" of Inadequate CO2.- a) Uptake of Inorganic Carbon by Eukaryotic Cells.- b) C4 Plants.- c) Photorespiration.- d) Experiments with High-CO2 Atmospheres.- 4. Other Stresses, and Stress-Relief Mechanisms.- a) Ascorbate, Zeaxanthin and Photoinhibition.- b) The Stress of Low Temperature.- c) The Stress of Low Water Availability.- d) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- e) The Stress of Ultraviolet Radiation.- f) The Stress of Pathogens.- References.- V. Functions and Responses of the Leaf Apoplast Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Basic Biochemistry of the Leaf Apoplast.- a) Volumes of the Apoplast and Intercellular Gas Space of Leaves.- b) Composition of the Intercellular Gas Space.- c) Solute Composition of the Leaf Apoplast.- d) Apoplasmic Proteins.- e) Cell Wall Structure.- 3. Abiotic Stress.- a) Oxidative Stress and Air Pollutants.- ?) Ozone.- ?) Redox Control of the Apoplasmic Ascorbate System.- ?) Sulfur Dioxide.- b) Nutrient Status.- c) Heavy Metal Toxicity.- d) Salt Stress.- e) Drought and Cold Stress.- f) Xenobiotics.- 4. Apoplasmic Responses to Biotic Stress: Pathogenesis, Elicitors and Wounding.- 5. Outlook.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Diterpenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abietane.- 3. Tobacco Diterpenes.- 4. Casbene.- 5. Rice Phytoalexins.- 6. Kaurene.- 7. Taxane.- References.- VII. The Pore/Plasmodesm Unit: Key Element in the Interplay Between Sieve Element and Companion Cell.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Diverse Tasks of the SE/CC in the Successive Sections of the Phloem.- 3. The Plasmodesmatal (Dis)continuity of the SE/CC in Transport Phloem.- 4. The Interaction of SE and CC in Transport Phloem.- 5. The Pore/Plasmodesm Units (PPUs).- 6. Transfer of Energy Th…