Aquaculture

A clear illustration of the important role of aquaculture in supporting food security, livelihoods, and economic development around the world

This new edition of Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants covers important aspects of the culture of fish, shellfish, and algae in freshwater and marine environments. Subject areas covered include principles of aquaculture, water quality, environmental impacts of aquaculture, desert aquaculture, reproduction, life cycles and growth, genetics and stock improvement, nutrition and feed production, diseases, vaccination, post-harvest technology, economics and marketing, and future developments of aquaculture. Separate chapters also cover the culture of algae, carps, salmonids, tilapias, catfish, marine and brackish fishes, soft-shelled turtles, barramundi, marine shrimp, mitten crabs, and other decapod crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, and ornamental species. This edition also provides greater coverage of aquaculture in China, reflecting the country's importance in the global scene.

Providing core scientific and commercially useful information, and written by 35 eminent international authors, this expanded and fully updated Third Edition of Aquaculture is essential reading for all students and professionals studying and working in aquaculture. Fish farmers, hatchery managers, and those in aquaculture support and supply industries, such as feed manufacturing, will find an abundance of commercially useful information within this important and now established book.

• Describes the multitude of developments that have occurred within the aquaculture field over the last 15 years

• Includes a major revision of production statistics and trends, discussion of technical developments, and revised and extended coverage provided by broader international authorship

• Brings together 35 internationally recognized contributors, including a number of new contributors

Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants, Third Edition is a recommended text for students of the subject and a concise reference for those working in or entering into the industry.

Autorentext

About the Editors John S. Lucas, Adjunct Professor in School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Paul C. Southgate, Professor in Tropical Aquaculture, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia Craig S. Tucker, Research Leader, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA

Inhalt
List of Contributors xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

Preface to the First Edition xix

Acknowledgments xxi

**1 Introduction 1
**John S. Lucas

1.1 What is and What isn't Aquaculture? 1

1.2 Origins of Aquaculture and Agriculture 2

1.3 Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production 4

1.4 The Efficiency of Aquaculture for Food Production 7

1.5 Has There Been a 'Blue' Revolution? 9

1.6 The Big Producers 10

1.7 China 12

1.8 Issues for Developed Countries 13

1.9 An Allegory 14

1.10 Diversity of Aquaculture 15

1.11 Fishery Stock Enhancement and Restoration 15

1.12 Summary 16

References 17

**2 Principles of Aquaculture 19
**Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Intensity of Aquaculture 19

2.3 Polyculture 23

2.4 Integrated AgriAquaculture Systems 24

2.5 Static, Open, SemiClosed and Recirculating (Closed) Systems 25

2.6 Selecting a New Species for Farming 28

2.7 Developing a New Farm or a New Farmed Species 31

2.8 Case Studies 33

2.9 Summary 38

References 39

**3 Aquaculture Systems Design 41
**Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Site Selection and Development 41

3.3 Aquaculture Systems 43

3.4 Plumbing and Pumps 55

3.5 Hatchery Systems 59

3.6 Summary 61

References 61

**4 Water Quality 63
**Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Water Quality Variables 63

4.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals 73

4.4 Pond WaterQuality Management 78

4.5 Effluents 89

4.6 Summary 91

References 92

**5 Resource Use and the Environment 93
**Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Craig S. Tucker

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues 94

5.3 Land Use 97

5.4 Water Use 99

5.5 Energy Use 101

5.6 FeedFish Use 102

5.7 Chemicals 105

5.8 Water Pollution 107

5.9 Best Management Practices 109

5.10 Environmental Advocacy in Aquaculture 111

5.11 Summary 112

References 112

**6 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth 113
**John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Reproductive Physiology 113

6.3 Life Cycles 116

6.4 Growth 120

6.5 Summary 124

References 125

**7 Genetics 127
**Rex Dunham

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Basic Genetics 128

7.3 Epigenetics 130

7.4 Domestication and Strain Evaluation 130

7.5 Selection 131

7.6 Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 136

7.7 Crossbreeding and Hybridisation 136

7.8 Chromosomal Techniques 140

7.9 Xenogenesis 146

7.10 Genetic Engineering 146

7.11 Gene Editing 151

7.12 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 152

7.13 Genotype environment Interactions 152

7.14 Future Developments 153

7.15 Summary 154

References 154

**8 Nutrition and Feeds 157
**Lou D'Abramo

8.1 Introduction 157

8.2 Energy Consumption and Partitioning (Bioenergetics) 158

8.3 The Relationship between Growth and Food Consumption 159

8.4 Requirements and Metabolic Functions of Nutrients 160

8.5 Digestion and Assimilation of Food 170 8.6 Formulation, Manufac...