Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Photovoltaics and Wind

The bible of solar engineering that translates solar energy theory to practice, revised and updated

The updated Fifth Edition of Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Photovoltaics and Wind contains the fundamentals of solar energy and explains how we get energy from the sun. The authors--noted experts on the topic--provide an introduction to the technologies that harvest, store, and deliver solar energy, such as photovoltaics, solar heaters, and cells. The book also explores the applications of solar technologies and shows how they are applied in various sectors of the marketplace.

The revised Fifth Edition offers guidance for using two key engineering software applications, Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and System Advisor Model (SAM). These applications aid in solving complex equations quickly and help with performing long-term or annual simulations. The new edition includes all-new examples, performance data, and photos of current solar energy applications. In addition, the chapter on concentrating solar power is updated and expanded. The practice problems in the Appendix are also updated, and instructors have access to an updated print Solutions Manual. This important book:

• Covers all aspects of solar engineering from basic theory to the design of solar technology

• Offers in-depth guidance and demonstrations of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and
  System Advisor Model (SAM) software

• Contains all-new examples, performance data, and photos of solar energy systems today

• Includes updated simulation problems and a solutions manual for instructors

Written for students and practicing professionals in power and energy industries as well as those in research and government labs, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fifth Edition continues to be the leading solar engineering text and reference.

Autorentext

The late JOHN A. DUFFIE was Professor Emeritus of Chemical-Engineering and past Director of the Solar Energy Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. WILLIAM A. BECKMAN is the Ouweneel-Bascom Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering and Director Emeritus of the Solar Energy Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. NATHAN BLAIR manages the Distributed Systems and Storage Group in the Strategic Energy Analysis center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Inhalt
Preface xi

Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

Preface to the First Edition xix

Part I Fundamentals 1

1 Solar Radiation 3

1.1 The Sun 3

1.2 The Solar Constant 5

1.3 Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation 6

1.4 Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation 8

1.5 Definitions 9

1.6 Direction of Beam Radiation 12

1.7 Angles for Tracking Surfaces 20

1.8 Ratio of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface to That on Horizontal Surface 24

1.9 Shading 30

1.10 Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 37

1.11 Summary 41

References 43

2 Available Solar Radiation 45

2.1 Definitions 45

2.2 Pyrheliometers and Pyrheliometric Scales 46

2.3 Pyranometers 50

2.4 Measurement of Duration of Sunshine 55

2.5 Solar Radiation Data 56

2.6 Atmospheric Attenuation of Solar Radiation 61

2.7 Estimation of Average Solar Radiation 66

2.8 Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation 70

2.9 Distribution of Clear and Cloudy Days and Hours 73

2.10 Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation 76

2.11 Beam and Diffuse Components of Daily Radiation 79

2.12 Beam and Diffuse Components of Monthly Radiation 81

2.13 Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data 83

2.14 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces 86

2.15 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky 91

2.16 Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Anisotropic Sky 92

2.17 Radiation Augmentation 98

2.18 Beam Radiation on Moving Surfaces 103

2.19 Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky 104

2.20 Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: KT Method 108

2.21 Effects of Receiving Surface Orientation on HT 114

2.22 Utilizability 116

2.23 Generalized Utilizability 120

2.24 Daily Utilizability 128

2.25 Summary 134

References 136

3 Selected Heat Transfer Topics 141

3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 141

3.2 Photon Radiation 142

3.3 The Blackbody: Perfect Absorber and Emitter 142

3.4 Planck's Law and Wien's Displacement Law 143

3.5 Stefan-Boltzmann Equation 144

3.6 Radiation Tables 145

3.7 Radiation Intensity and Flux 147

3.8 Infrared Radiation Exchange Between Gray Surfaces 149

3.9 Sky Radiation 150

3.10 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient 151

3.11 Natural Convection Between Flat Parallel Plates and Between Concentric Cylinders 152

3.12 Convection Suppression 157

3.13 Vee-Corrugated Enclosures 161

3.14 Heat Transfer Relations for Internal Flow 162

3.15 Wind Convection Coefficients 166

3.16 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Packed Beds and Perforated Plates 168

3.17 Effectiveness-NTU Calculations for Heat Exchangers 171

3.18 Summary 173

References 174

4 Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials 177

4.1 Absorptance and Emittance 178

4.2 Kirchhoff's Law 180

4.3 Reflectance of Surfaces 181

4.4 Relationships Among Absorptance, Emittance, and Reflectance 185

4.5 Broadband Emittance and Absorptance 186

4.6 Calculation of Emittance and Absorptance 187

4.7 Measurement of Surface Radiation Properties 190

4.8 Selective Surfaces 192

4.9 Mechanisms of Selectivity 196

4.10 Optimum Properties 199

4.11 Angular Dependence of Solar Absorptance 200

4.12 Absorptance of Cavity Receivers 201

4.13 Specularly Reflecting Surfaces 202

4.14 Advanced Radiation Heat Transfer Analysis 203

4.15 Summary 205

References 206 **5 Radiation Transmission through Glazing: Absorbed Radia...