This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition improvements in multi-collector ICP mass-spectrometry have increased the ability to measure isotope ratios with very high precision for many elements of the periodic table. The amount of published data has increased tremendously in the last years; thus, conclusions based on a limited database are now better constrained. In this new edition, therefore, 47 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. This increase of elements, together with advances in the calculation of equilibrium isotope fractionation using ab initio methods, has led to an unbelievable rise of publications, making substantial major revisions and extensions of the last edition necessary. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.

Autorentext

Jochen Hoefs has been working in the field of stable isotope geochemistry of the elements hydrogen, lithium, carbon, oxygen and sulfur since 1965. His main scientific interests include the stable isotope geochemistry of the mantle and lower crust, the genesis of basaltic and granitic magmas, water/rock interactions under hydrothermal conditions, the history of the ocean and the atmosphere and the application of stable isotopes to environmental problems. He has published more than 200 scientific papers, mostly in international journals. He authored the first edition of this textbook in 1973 and updates the textbook regularly.

Inhalt

1 Theoretical and Experimental Principles

1.1 General Characteristics of Isotopes

1.2 Isotope Effects

1.3 Isotope Fractionation Processes

1.3.1 Isotope Exchange

1.3.1.1 Fractionation Factor (a) 1.3.1.2 The Delta Value (d)

1.3.1.3 Evaporation-Condensation Processes

1.3.2 Kinetic Effects

1.3.3 Mass-Dependent and Mass-Independent Isotope Effects

1.3.3.1 Mass Dependent Effects

1.3.3.2 Mass Independent Effects

1.3.4 Nuclear Volume and Magnetic Isotope Effects

1.3.4.1 Nuclear Volume Effects

1.3.4.2 Magnetic Isotope Effects

1.3.5 Multiply Substituted Isotopologues

1.3.5.1 Position or Site-Specific Isotope Fractionations

1.3.6 Diffusion

1.3.7 Other Factors Influencing Isotopic Fractionations

1.3.8 Isotope Geothermometers

1.4 Basic Principles of Mass Spectrometry 1.4.1 Continuous Flow-Isotope Ratio Monitoring Mass Spectrometers

1.4.2 General Remarks on Sample Preparation Methods for Gases

1.4.3 Laser Microprobe

1.4.4 High-mass resolution multiple-collector IR mass spectrometry

1.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy

Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy 1.4.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

1.5 Standards

1.6 Microanalytical Techniques

1.6.1 Multicollector-ICP-Mass Spectrometry 1.6.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

1.7 References

2 Isotope Fractionation Processes of Selected Elements

Part I "Traditional" Isotopes

2.1 Hydrogen

2.1.1 Methods

2.1.2 Standards

2.1.3 Fractionation Processes

2.1.3.1 Water Fractionations

2.1.3.2 Equilibrium Reactions 2.1.3.3 Fractionations during Biosynthesis

2.1.3.4 Other Fractionations

2.2 Carbon

2.2.1 Analytical Methods

2.2.1.1 Standards

2.2.2 Fractionation Processes

2.2.2.1 Carbonate System

2.2.2.2 Other Equilibrium Isotope Fractionations

2.2.2.3 Organic Carbon System

2.2.2.4 Interactions between Carbonate-Carbon and Organic Carbon

2.3 Nitrogen

2.3.1 Analytical Methods 2.3.2 Biological Nitrogen Isotope Fractionations

2.3.3 Trophic level indicator

2.3.4 Nitrogen Isotope Distribution in the Earth

2.3.5 Nitrogen in the Ocean

2.4 Oxygen  

2.4.1 Analytical Methods

2.4.1.1 Water

2.4.1.2 Carbonates 2.4.1.3 Silicates

2.4.1.4 Phosphates

2.4.1.5 Sulfates

2.4.1.6 Nitrates

2.4.2 Standards

2.4.3 Fractionation Processes

2.4.3.1 Fractionation of Water 2.4.3.2 CO2 - H2O System

2.4.3.3 Mineral Fractionations

2.4.4 Triple Oxygen Isotope Compositions (new figure)

2.4.5 Fluid-Rock Interactions

2.5 Sulfur

2.5.1 Methods

2.5.2 Fractionation Mechanisms

2.5.2.1 Equilibrium Reactions 2.5.2.2 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction

2.5.2.3 Thermochemical Reduction of Sulfate

2.5.3 Quadruple Sulfur Isotopes (new figure)

Part II "Non-traditional" Isotopes

Introductory remarks

2.6 Lithium

2.6.1 Methods

2.6.2 Diffusion

2.6.3 Magmatic Rocks

2.6.4 Weathering

2.6.5 Ocean Water

2.6.6 Meteoric Water

2.7 Boron

2.7.1 Methods

2.7.2 Isotope Fractionation Mechanism

2.7.3 Fractionations at High Temperatures

2.7.4 Weathering environment

2.7.5 Tourmaline

2.8-2.11 Alkaline earth elements

2.8 Magnesium

2.8.1 Calculated temperature fractionations

2.8.2 Fractionations during Weathering

2.8.3 Ocean Water

2.8.4 Carbonates

2.8.5 Plants and Animals

2.9 Calcium

2.9.1 Analytical Techniques

2.9.2 High Temperature Fractionations

2.9.3 Weathering

2.9.4   Fractionations during Carbonate Precipitation

2.9.5 Variations of ocean water with geologic time

2.9.6 Plants, Animals and Humans

2.10 Strontium

2.10.1 Silicates

2.10.2 Carbonates and Sulfates

2.10.3 Fluids and Plants

2.11 Barium

2.11.1 Magmatic systems

2.11.2 Ocean

2.12. Silicon

2.12.1 Equilibrium Isotope Fractionations

2.12.2 High-Temperature Fractionations

2.12.3 Chemical Weathering and Mineral Precipitation

2.12.4 Fractionations in Ocean Water

2.12.5 Cherts

2.12.6 Plants

2.13-2.14 The halogens chlorine and bromine

2.13 Chlorine

2.13.1 Methods

2.13.2 Hydrosphere

2.13.3 Mantle-Derived Rocks

2.13.4 Applications in the Environment

2.14 Bromine

2.15 Alkali Elements(potassium, rubidium)

2.15 Potassium

2.15.1 Mineral isotope fractionations

2.15.2 Magmatic environment

2.15.3 Weathering environment

2.16 Rubidium

2.17 Titanium

2.17.1 Magmatic fractionations

2.18 Vanadium

2.18.1 High-temperature fractionations

2.18.2 Low-temperature fractionations

2.19 Chromium

2.19.1 Mantle Rocks

2.19.2 River and ocean water

2.19.3 Carbonates 2.19.4 Paleo Redox Proxy

2.19.5 Anthropogenic Cr in the Environment

2.20 Iron

2.20.1 Analytical Methods

2.20.2 Isotope Equilibrium Studies 2.20.3 Meteorites

2.20.4 Igneous Rocks

2.20.5 Sediments

2.20.6 Ocean and River Water

2.20.7 Plants

2.21 Nickel

2.21.1 Meteorites and Mantle Derived Rocks

2.21.2 Water

2.21.3 Plants

2.22 Copper

2.22.1 Magmatic Rocks

2.22.2 Ore Deposits

2.22.3 Low-Temperature Fractionations

2.22.4 Water

2.22.5 Plants

2.23 Zinc

2.23.1 Fractionations during Evaporation

2.23.2 Mantle Derived Rocks

2.23.3 Ore Deposits

2.23.4 Ocean 2.23.5 Plants and Animals

2.23.6 Anthropogenic Contamination

2.24 Gallium

2.25 Germanium

2.25.1 Ore deposits

2.25.2 Hydrosphere

2.26-2.27 Selenium and Tellurium

2.26 Selenium

2.26.1 Fractionation Processes

2.26.2 Natural variations at high temperatures 2.26.3 Ocean

2.27 Tellurium

2.28 Zirconium

2.29 Molybdenum

2.29.1 Magmatic Rocks 2.29.2 Molybdenites

2.29.3 Sediments

2.29.4 Palaeoredox Proxy

2.30 Silver

2.31 Cadmium

2.31.1 Extraterrestrial Materials

2.31.2 Marine Environment

2.31.3 Ore deposits and anthropogenic Pollution

2.32 Tin

2.32.1 Magmatic rocks

2.32.2 Ore deposits

2.32.3 Tin in the environment

2.33 Antimony

2.34-2.37 Rare Earth Elements

2. 34 Cerium

2.35 Neody…