Brain Stimulation

Brain stimulation technologies are both tools to probe brain function and to provide therapeutic options for patients with neuropsychiatric disease where pharmacological options are not viable. Although the field has been in existence for over seventy years, research interest in brain stimulation has been on the rise particularly in the last two decades. Brain Stimulation: Methodologies and Interventions is an introduction to the field of brain stimulation technology and its applications. The book explores how brainstimulating technologies work in the context of brain pathways that mediate normal and abnormal brain function. Chapters cover neuroanatomy and activity dependent changes in neuronal function triggered by brain stimulation, as well as applications of brain stimulation technologies themselves, including noninvasive procedures that rely on convulsive or seizure therapeutics, and non-convulsive therapies such as magnetic and electrical brain stimulation. Authored by an international group of leaders in the field, Brain Stimulation is a valuable resource for both neuroscience researchers and clinicians.

Autorentext
Irving M. Reti is an Associate Professor and Director of The Brain Stimulation Program at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, USA.

Inhalt

Contributors xi

1 Introduction to Brain Stimulation 1
Irving M. Reti and Andrew D. Chang

Introduction 1

A Historical Perspective 2

Focal Activation 3

Connectivity 5

Development of Invasive Brain Stimulation 7

Ethical Issues 9

References 9

PART A BRAIN CIRCUITRY AND PLASTICITY 13

2 A Balanced Mind: A Network Perspective on Mood and Motivation Brain Pathways 15
Morten L. Kringelbach

Introduction 15

Dysregulation of Emotion and Mood 18

Potential for Intervention 21

Conclusion 23

References 24

3 Motor Pathways, Basal Ganglia Physiology, and Pathophysiology 29
Hagai Bergman, Shiran Katabi, Maya Slovik, Marc Deffains, David Arkadir, Zvi Israel, and Renana Eitan

Introduction 29

The Classic Models of Basal Ganglia Anatomy 30

Basal Ganglia Physiology 33

The Pathophysiology of Hypo- and HyperDopaminergic States 35

From Physiology to Understanding and Therapythe Computational Models of the Basal Ganglia 37

References 41

4 Viewing Brain Stimulation from a Plasticity Perspective 45
Jay M. Baraban

Long-Term Potentiation: A Primer 45

AMPA Versus NMDA Receptors 46

Distinct Mechanisms of LTP Induction and Expression 48

Synapse Specificity of LTP 48

Relevance of LTP Mechanisms to Mode of Action of tDCS 49

Long-Term Depression 51

Metaplasticity and Monoamines 52

Clues to rTMS Mode of Action 52

Future Directions 54

Summary 55

References 55

PART B TECHNOLOGY 57

(1) Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Modalities 59

(a) Convulsive 59

5 Introduction to Convulsive Therapy 61
Richard D. Weiner

Introduction 61

The History of Convulsive Therapy 62

Electroconvulsive Therapy: Basic Principles 64

Electroconvulsive Therapy: Clinical Role 67

Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) 76

Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST) 77

Future of Convulsive Therapy 77

References 78

6 Improving ECT Efficacy and Decreasing Cognitive Side Effects 83
Keith G. Rasmussen

Introduction 83

ECT Outcome Assessment: Therapeutic Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects 83

ECT Treatment Technique: Basic Concepts 84

Electrode Placement 86

Stimulus Dosage 88

Stimulus Parameter Configuration 89

Treatment Frequency 93

Concomitant Psychotropic Drugs 94

Choice of Anesthetic Drug 96

References 100

7 How Does Electroconvulsive Therapy Work? 107
Irving M. Reti

Introduction 107

What Can We Learn from ECT's Action as an Antidepressant? 107

What Can We Learn from ECT's Action in Treating Catatonia? 112

How Do Stimulus Parameters that Trigger the Seizure Influence How It Works? 113

Conclusions and Implications for ECT Treatment 116

References 117

8 Magnetic Seizure Therapy for the Treatment of Depression 123
Sarah H. Lisanby and Zhi-De Deng

Introduction 123

Definitions 123

Rationale for MST 124

History of MST: A Translational Developmental Trajectory 125

MST Technique 127

E-field Distribution with MST 133

Neurophysiological Effects of MST 135

Safety 139

Antidepressant Efficacy 140

Future Directions for MST Development 142

Conclusions 144

References 144

(b) Non-Convulsive 149 9 Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 151&lt...