With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany. The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and geobotany.
Inhalt
Review.- Stable Isotope in Plant Physiology and Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abundance of Stable Isotopes.- 3. Units of Isotope Composition, Standards and Isotope Fractionation...- 4. Isotope Composition of Natural Isotopes.- a) 13C/12C Ratio.- ?) Basic Results.- ?) Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Plants Performing Different Types of Photosynthetic CO2 Fixation..- ?) Different Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes Due to Variable Environmental Conditions.- ?) ?13C Values in Trophic and Edaphic Chains.- b) 2H/lH Ratio.- c) 18O/16O Ratio.- d) 15N/14N Ratio.- e) 34S/32S Ratio.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Structural Organization and Biogenesis of Bacterial Flagella.- 2. Techniques to Study the Structure of Biofilms.- 3. A Consortium of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria with the Capacity to Reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III).- 4. Establishment of Biofilms in the Laboratory, and Studies of Inherent Dynamics and Interactions.- References.- II. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Pollen and Spores.- 1. Delimitation of Topics; Monographs, Conference Proceedings, etc...- 2. Preparation Methods and the Preservation of Structures.- 3. Some Aspects of the Early Stages in Normal and Abnormal Spore/Pollen Grain Development.- a) Organization of Metabolically Highly Active Cells.- b) Mosses and Ferns.- c) Gymnosperms.- d) Angiosperms.- 4. First and Second Pollen Mitosis.- 5. Structural Connections Between VN, GC, and Sperm Cells (MGU Concept).- 6. Pollen Germination and the Early Stages of Pollen Tube Growth...- 7. Sporoderm Development and Composition.- a) Fossil Material, Ferns, and Gymnosperms.- b) Excursus on the Phylogenetic Significance of Spore/Pollen Wall and Aperture Organization and Development.- c) Exine Substructure Organization.- d) Young Stages: Role of Callose, Monad Versus Polyad Development.- e) Exine Pattern.- f) Exine Coating: Composition and Function.- g) Intine and Other Sporoderm Strata.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant..- 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpiration.- 4. Water Relations of Seeds and During Early Germination Stages...- a) Orthodox Seeds.- b) Recalcitrant Seeds.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 7. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. Humic Substances and Plant Nutrition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions, Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Humic Substances.- 3. Effects of Humic Substances on Soil Fertility.- a) Physical Properties of Soil.- b) Source of Nutrients.- c) Influence on Cation Exchange Capacity.- d) Complexing Properties.- 4. Effect on Growth and Nutrient Contents of Plants.- 5. Effect on Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake.- a) Uptake Rates.- b) Energy Metabolism.- c) Uptake of Humic Substances.- d) Membrane Properties.- 6. Role of Humic Substances as Natural Chelates.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- III. Selected Topics of Polyketide Biosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. 6-Methylsalicylic Acid and Orsellinic Acid.- 3. Melleine, Aspyrone, and Related Compounds.- 4. Nectriapyrone and Related Pyrones.- 5. Harzianolide.- 6. Dihydrogladiolic Acid.- 7. Spicifernin.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis Carbon Metabolism: The Chloroplast's Sesquicentenary, and Some Thoughts on the Limits to Plant Productivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. New Locations and Pathways.- 3. Uptake of Inorganic Carbon.- 4. Events In and On the Chloroplast.- a) The Calvin Cycle.- b) RuBP Carboxylase.- c) Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- d) Starch Metabolism.- e) Envelope Transporters.- f) Photoinhibition.- g) The Mehler Reaction, and Photorespiration.- 5. Mitochondrial Respiration.- 6. Sucrose Biosynthesis.- 7. C4 Metabolism.- a) C4 plants.- b) C3-C4 Intermediate Plants.- c) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.- d) PEP Carboxylase and Malate Dehydrogenase.- 8. The Limits to Plant Productivity.- a) CO2.- b) Water.- c) Light.- d) Determinants of Photosynthetic Rate.- References.- V. Plant Stress. The Adaptive Potential of Dynamic Systems..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Morphological Plasticity of Achillea Genotypes and Environment..- 3. Epigenetic Processes and Metabolic Plasticity.- 4. Gene Potential and Metabolic Adaptibility.- 5. Metabolic Network Organization and Flux Control.- a) Towards a Quantitative Concept.- ?) The Michaelis-Menten Formalism.- ?) The Elasticity Coefficient.- ?) Rate Equation of a Metabolic Reaction Sequence.- b) Flux Control of Metabolic Sequences Under Stationary Flow..- 6. External Environment and Metabolic Parameter Structure.- 7. Environmentally Induced Parameter Changes Which Are Cell Water-Mediated.- 8. Water Perturbation-Mediated Metabolic Switching.- 9. Primary Responses in Solute-Perturbed Plant Cells.- 10. Uncovering Metabolic Perturbations.- 11. Bifurcations: a Particular Type of Metabolic Network Switching..- 12. The Transport-Catalysis Switch.- 13. The "Environmental Cusp".- References.- VIa. Photochrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photomorphogenesis and Photoperiodism.- 3. Ecological Significance of Phytochrome Responses.- 4. At Least Two Types of Phytochromes Regulate Plant Development.- 5. Phytochrome B Is Involved in Most Photoresponses of Etiolated and De-etiolated Plants.- 6. Phytochrome A Mediates the HIR Responses.- 7. Phytochrome Structure.- 8. Phytochrome Synthesis and Assembly.- 9. Signal Transduction May Involve.- a Dephosphorylation-Phosphorylation Cascade.- 10. Moss Phytochrome Is a Light-Regulated Protein Kinase.- 11. G Proteins and Further Components of the Phytochrome Signal Transduction Chain Controlling Gene Expression..- 12. Regulation of Photogene Transcription by DNA-Binding Proteins..- 13. Photomodulations.- 14. Intracellular Localization of Phytochrome.- 15. Phytochrome Interactions with the Blue-Light/UV-A Photoreceptor.- a) Characteristics of the Blue-Light Photoreceptor (Cryptochrome).- b) Interactions of the BL Receptor and Phytochrome in Seed Plants.- c) Interactions of the BL Receptor and Phytochrome in Lower Plants.- References.- VIb. Movement of Pulvinated Leaves.- 1. Introduction (Phenomenology, Terminology).- 2. Mechanisms of Motor Cell Swelling and Shrinking.- a) Hydrogen Ion Transport.- b) K+ Transport.- c) Cl- and Malate.- d) Ion Channels.- e) Membrane Potential.- 3. Biochemistry of Leaf Movement.- a) Basic Carbon Pathways.- b) Metabolite Pools.- c) Carbohydrates and Leaf Movement.- d) Energy Metabolism.- 4. Phototransduction.- a) Photoreceptors.- b) Light-Stimulated Phosphatidylinositol Turnover.- c) Ca2+.- 5. Leaf Movements as Hands of Biological Clocks.- a) Circadian Rhythms in Protoplasts of Pulvinar Motor Cells.- b) Involvement of K+ Channels and of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases in the Control and Generation of the Biological Clocks..- c) Treatments Affecting Clock-Mediated Leaf Movements.- 6. Ecological Implementations of Phototropic Movements.- a) Water Availability.- b) Nitrogen Availability.- c) Leaf Temperature.- d) Organismic Interaction.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: The Role of Escherichia coli Heat Shock Proteins in DNA Replication.- 1. Introduction.- a) Molecular Chaperones and the Heat Shock Response.- b) Heat Shock Proteins Are Involved in DNA Replication.- 2. Regulation of the Initiation of Plasmid Replication.- 3. Heat Shock Proteins Activate Replication of the Prophage P1 and F Plasmid.- a) Bacteriophage P1.- b) Plasmid F.- 4. Initiation of DNA Replication at ori? and oriC.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Recombination: Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Self-Incompatibility as a Mechanism Promoting Outbree…