This book appeals to researchers and developers of optoelectronic components and systems. The systematically and comprehensive discussion of the subject makes it also interesting for advanced students.

Klappentext

Optoelectronic devices and fibre optics are the basis of cutting-edge communication systems. This monograph deals with the various components of these systems, including lasers, amplifiers, modulators, converters, filters, sensors, and more.

Inhalt

1 Characteristics of Optical Communication Networks.- 1.1 Optical Network Issues.- 1.2 Long-Haul Networks.- 1.3 WDM Networking.- 1.4 Connection Patterns.- 1.5 Optical Network Protection.- 1.5.1 Protection Schemes.- 1.5.2 Ring Protection.- 1.6 Optical Network Elements.- 1.6.1 Optical WDM Terminal Multiplexer.- 1.6.2 Optical WDM Add/Drop Multiplexers.- 1.6.3 Optical WDM Cross-Connects.- References.- 2 The Optical Fibre.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Waveguiding Properties.- 2.2.1 Basic Concepts and Parameters.- 2.2.2 Basic Equations for the Step-Index Fibre.- 2.2.3 Graded-Index Fibres.- 2.3 Fibre Materials.- 2.3.1 Silicate Glasses.- 2.3.2 Plastics.- 2.4 Basic Optical Properties.- 2.4.1 Losses.- 2.4.2 Dispersion.- 2.4.3 Polarisation.- 2.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties.- 2.5.1 Stimulated Scattering Processes.- 2.5.2 Third-Order Nonlinear Parametric Processes.- 2.5.3 Photosensitivity.- 2.6 Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibres.- 2.6.1 Derivation of the Wave Equation for the Pulse Envelope.- 2.6.2 Solution of the Envelope Wave Equation: The Soliton.- References.- 3 Transmitters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Theory.- 3.2.1 Rate Equations for Single-Mode Operation.- 3.2.2 Material Properties.- 3.2.3 Steady-State Characteristics.- 3.2.4 Small-Signal Modulation Characteristics.- 3.2.5 Noise Properties.- 3.3 Basic Design of Semiconductor Laser Structures.- 3.3.1 Concepts of Lateral Confinement.- 3.4 Single-Mode Laser Structures.- 3.4.1 Coupled-Mode Theory.- 3.4.2 Basic Properties of Index-Coupled DFB Lasers.- 3.4.3 Advanced DFB Laser Structures.- 3.4.4 Gain-Coupled Lasers.- 3.4.5 Modelling of DFB Lasers.- 3.5 Tunable Lasers.- 3.5.1 Extern al Cavity Laser (ECL).- 3.5.2 Thermal Tuning.- 3.5.3 Multisection DFB Laser.- 3.5.4 DBR Laser.- 3.5.5 Tunable Twin-Guide Laser (TTG).- 3.5.6 Codirectionally Coupled Lasers (CCL).- 3.5.7 Y-Laser.- 3.5.8 Superstructure Grating DBR Laser or Sampled Grating Laser (SSG-Laser).- 3.5.9 Bent-Waveguide DFB Laser (BWL).- References.- 4 Optical Photodetectors.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The PIN Photodiode.- 4.2.1 PIN Photodiode Operation.- 4.2.2 PIN Photodiode Characteristics.- 4.2.3 Edge-Illuminated PIN Photodiodes.- 4.2.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes.- 4.3 The Avalanche Photodiode (APD).- 4.3.1 Characteristics of APDs.- 4.3.2 APD Noise.- 4.3.3 Structures for Improved Noise Characteristics.- 4.4 Photodiodes.- 4.4.1 Silicon Photodiodes.- 4.4.2 InGaAs Photodiodes.- 4.5 Photoreceivers.- 4.5.1 Conventional Photoreceivers.- 4.5.2 Specific Photoreceivers.- 4.5.3 OEIC Photoreceivers.- 4.6 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Optical Amplifiers.- 5.1 Optical Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.1 Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.1.2 Other Fibre Amplifiers.- 5.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.- 5.2.1 Optical Gain in Compound Semiconductor Materials.- 5.2.2 Basic Heterojunction Device Structure.- 5.2.3 Rate Equations, Saturation Behaviour, Noise Figure.- 5.2.4 Effect of Optical Reflections (Gain Ripple).- 5.2.5 Gain-Clamping.- 5.2.6 General Applications of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers in Communication Systems.- 5.2.7 Digital Transmission Systems.- 5.2.8 WDM Systems.- 5.2.9 Analogue Transmission Systems.- 5.2.10 Other Applications.- References.- 6 Passive and Active Glass Integrated Optics Devices.- 6.1 General Introduction.- 6.2 Passive Power Splitters.- 6.2.1 Splitters and Their Basic Functions.- 6.2.2 Computing Waveguide Modes.- 6.2.3 Tapers and Branches.- 6.2.4 Bends.- 6.2.5 2 × 2 Splitters.- 6.2.6 P × N Star Couplers.- 6.2.7 Ion Exchange in Glass.- 6.2.8 Characterization Methods.- 6.2.9 Performance and Reliability of Commercial Devices.- 6.3 Integrated Optic Yb/Er Glass Amplifiers.- 6.3.1 Introduction.- 6.3.2 Rate Equations for Yb/Er Co-doping.- 6.3.3 Propagation Equations.- 6.3.4 The Power-Transfer Equation.- 6.3.5 Yb/Er Co-doping Enhances the Inversion.- 6.3.6 Effective Inversion Coefficients.- 6.3.7 Gain of a Co-doped Waveguide Section.- 6.3.8 Adverse Effects of High Rare-Earth Concentration.- 6.3.9 Technologies and Devices.- 6.4 Integrated Optic Er/Yb Laser Oscillators.- 6.4.1 Continuous Wave (CW) Operation.- 6.4.2 Experimental Soliton and Q-Switch Operation.- References.- 7 Wavelength-Selective Devices.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Device Specifications.- 7.3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer Filters.- 7.4 Dielectric Interference Filters.- 7.5 Fibre Gratings.- 7.6 Grating-based Demultiplexers.- 7.7 PHASAR-based Devices.- 7.7.1 Introduction.- 7.7.2 Principle of Operation.- 7.7.3 Technologies.- 7.7.4 Device Characteristics.- 7.7.5 Wavelength Routeing Properties.- 7.7.6 Multiwavelength Transmitters and Receivers.- 7.7.7 Multiwavelength Add-Drop Multiplexers and Crossconnects.- 7.8 Integrated Acousto-Optical Devices in LiNbO3.- 7.8.1 Introduction.- 7.8.2 Basic Building Blocks.- 7.8.3 Tunable Wavelength Filters.- 7.8.4 Wavelength-selective Switches and Add-Drop Multiplexers.- 7.8.5 Applications in WDM Systems.- 7.8.6 Outlook.- References.- 8 Optical Switching.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Applications.- 8.2.1 Optical Component Characterization and Testing.- 8.2.2 Test Access.- 8.2.3 Telecommunications.- 8.3 Technologies.- 8.3.1 Non-interferometric Switches.- 8.3.2 Interferometric Switches.- 8.4 Summary.- References.- 9 All-Optical Time-Division Multiplexing Technology.- 9.1 Role of All-Optical TDM Technology.- 9.2 Key Technologies for All-Optical TDM Systems.- 9.2.1 Ultrashort Optical Pulse Generation Technology.- 9.2.2 All-Optical MUX/DEMUX Technology.- 9.2.3 Optical Timing Extraction Technology.- 9.2.4 High-Speed Optical Waveform Measurement.- 9.3 Demonstration of OTDM and OTDM/WDM Transmission.- 9.3.1 100-400 Gbit/s OTDM Transmission Experiment.- 9.3.2 400 Gbit/s to 3 Tbit/s OTDM/WDM Transmission Experiments.- References.- 10 Optical Hybrid Integrated Circuits.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Key Technologies for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.1 Platform for Hybrid Integration.- 10.2.2 Passive Alignment Technique.- 10.2.3 OE-device for Hybrid Integration.- 10.3 Contributions of Hybrid Integration to Optical Communication Technology.- 10.3.1 Application of Hybrid-Integration Technology.- 10.3.2 Optical Module for Fibre-optic Subscriber System.- 10.3.3 Optical Modules for WDM Applications.- 10.3.4 Optoelectronic Hybrid Modules for High-speed Applications.- 10.4 Future Prospects.- 10.5 Summary.- References.- 11 Monolithic Integration.- 11.1 Introductory Remarks.- 11.2 Waveguides.- 11.3 Integrated Spot-Size Converters.- 11.4 Monolithic Laser Integration.- 11.4.1 Vertical Laser-Waveguide Coupling.- 11.4.2 Laser-Waveguide Butt Coupling.- 11.4.3 Laser-HBT Integration.- 11.5 Integrated Receiver.- 11.6 Crosstalk.- 11.6.1 Electrical Crosstalk.- 11.6.2 Optical Crosstalk.- 11.6.3 Thermal Crosstalk.- 11.7 Current Status of Optoelectronic Integration.- 11.8 Outlook.- References.- Biographical Notes.