The Logic of the Articles in Traditional Philosophy

When the original Dutch version of this book was presented in 1971 to the University of Leiden as a thesis for the Doctorate in philosophy, I was prevented by the academic mores of that university from expressing my sincere thanks to three members of the Philosophical Faculty for their support of and interest in my pursuits. I take the liberty of doing so now, two and a half years later. First and foremost I want to thank Professor G. Nuchelmans warmly for his expert guidance of my research. A number of my most im­ portant sources were brought to my attention by him. During the whole process of composing this book his criticism and encouragement were carried out in a truly academic spirit. He thereby provided working conditions that are a sine qua non for every author who is attempting to approach controversial matters in a scientific manner, conditions which, however, were not easily available at that time. In a later phase I also came into contact with Professors L. M. de Rijk and J. B. Ubbink, with both of whom I had highly stimulating discussions and exchanges of ideas. The present edition contains some entirely new sections, viz. 1-9, IV-29, V-9, V-20, VII-14 (iii), (iv), VII-17 (i), VIII-22, IX-17, IX-19, X-9 and XI-8. Section X-9 was inspired by a remark made by Professor A.

Inhalt

1. The Problem.- I. Introduction: Problems and Sources.- 1. The Divided World of Philosophy.- 2. The Methodenstreit in the Humanities and the Social Sciences.- 3. Recent Publications in Traditional Logic: German Idealism and "Dialectics".- 4. Recent Publications: neo-Thomistic Logic. What-Logic and Relating-Logic.- 5. "Pure Logic" as the Theory of Identity.- 6. The Status of Aristotelian Syllogistic from the Point of View of Contemporary Logic.- 7. The Locke-Berkeley Problem and Fregean Logic.- 8. The Dialogical Formulation of Fregean Elementary Logic.- 9. The Critical Study of Applied Conceptual Structures: a Logical Discipline.- Notes.- II. Naming What is.- 1. A First Acquaintance with Concrete Universal Terms.- 2. The Logophore.- 3. Husserl on Definite Articles.- 4. Definition of "Logophoric Uses" of the Articles and of Other Operators by which Substantives are Formed.- 5. The H-Thesis.- 6. Examples.- Notes.- III. The Semantics of the Logical Constants.- 1. Introduction and Elimination of Logical Constants.- 2. The Meanings of "an Arbitrary S".- 3. The Problem of the Eliminability of Logophoric Articles and of their Meaning in Discussions.- 4. Von Freytag's Treatment of das M ist P.- 5. Are Logophoric Judgments in some Cases Real Definitions?.- 6. Are Logophoric Judgments in some Cases a Kind of Modal Judgments?.- 7. Some Introductory Remarks on the Definite Article in Contemporary Logic.- 8. Is the "Pure Logic" a Completed Science?.- Notes.- 2. Historical Survey.- IV. From the History of the Logic of Indefinite Propositions.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Aristotle's ???ó???o?.- 3. Propositiones indefinitae in the Logic of the Schoolmen.- 4. Suppositio simplex and suppositio personalis: William of Sherwood.- 5. Suppositio simplex and suppositio personalis: Peter of Spain.- 6. The Theory of suppositio as a Theory of Types.- 7. Mobility and the Logic of General Terms.- 8. The Logic of the Grammatical Singular.- 9. Indicating suppositio by means of Articles.- 10. Indefinita - determinata - indeterminata and the Contemporary uncertainty with Respect to Definite and Indefinite Articles.- 11. Suppositio determinata and Statements of Existence.- 12. Logophoric Value Judgments and suppositio simplex.- 13. Articles Analysed in Terms of Quantifiers: from suppositio simplex to suppositio personalis by means of Polyadic Predication.- 14. "Philosophical" suppositio: suppositio naturalis.- 15. Arguments with Indefinite Premisses in the Logic of the Renaissance: Ramus and Keckermann.- 16. New Foundations: Hospinianus.- 17. Leibniz.- 18. From Wolff to Überweg: ?ó????o? and the Theory of Negation.- 19. Wundt on Logic as the Study of Indefinite Magnitudes.- 20. Are Logophoric Judgments ???ó????o??.- 21. "Absolute" and "Relative" Judgments with "Logical" suppositio in Pfänder's Logic.- 22. Hering and the Problem of the General Lion.- 23. Propositions indéfinies in the Logique de Port-Royal. Connection with 'definitio rei' in Case of a universalité métaphysique.- 24. Exceptions Possible in Case of a universalité morale.- 25. Archbishop Whately's Perplexity.- 26. Mill as the Heir of Whately: Rejection of Real Definitions.- 27. "The Most Perfect Exposition of Classical Logic": Keynes.- 28. A Twentieth Century "Philosophical" Logic on Indefinite Propositions and suppositio naturalis: Maritain.- 29. Suppositio naturalis throughout the Centuries.- 30. Reduplicative Propositions: "in so far as" and "as such".- (i) Reduplicative Propositions.- (ii) Specificatory Propositions.- (iii) Analysis of Specificatory Propositions as Reduplicative Propositions.- Notes.- V. From the History of the Logic of Individual Propositions.- 1. Introductory Remarks about the Use of the Words "Singular" and "Individual".- 2. Aristotle on Individual Propositions and the Doctrine of ekthesis.- 3. Comparison with Indefinite Propositions in the Organon.- 4. Expository Syllogisms.- 5. Exposition and exemplum in the Logic of the Renaissance.- (i) Influence from Rhetoric.- (ii) Exemplum and similitudo.- (iii) When is an Argument from an exemplum Logically Valid?.- (iv) The Third Figure.- (v) Why were Third Figure Expository Syllogisms Rejected?.- 6. Melanchton's Example.- 7. The Ramistic Modes.- 8. Hospinianus.- 9. The vis universalis of Singular Propositions.- 10. Leibniz.- 11. Wolff: Definite Descriptions and the dictum de omni.- 12. Kant.- 13. Lambert and the dictum de exemplo. Comparison with Melanchton.- 14. Hegel.- 15. Herbart.- 16. Comparison between the Traditional Theory of Definite Descriptions and Russell's Theory: Analogy Instead of Identity.- 17. Singular Propositions in the Logic of Maritain.- 18. The Logical Form of Individual Propositions with Definite Descriptions as Grammatical Subject: Russell.- 19. Replacing Proper Names by Descriptions.- 20. Identification by Description.- Notes.- VI. Singular - General - Indefinite.- 1. Logophoric Judgments as Singular Judgments.- 2. Primitive Paradigmatic Logic.- 3. Primitive Paradigmatic Logic Rejected by Pfänder.- 4. Two Kinds of Definite Article with a Generalizing Function. Comparison with Maritain.- 5. Pfänder on the Limitations of Traditional Syllogistic.- 6. A Theory of Entailment?.- 7. The Problem of Relative Generic Judgments and the Variable Copula.- 8. Comparison with Lotze, Sigwart and Jerusalem.- 9. The Relativity of Relative Generic Judgments.- 10. Exemplum and the Method of Variation.- 11. Relation, Analogy, Paradigm: "a Glimpse of Chaos".- 12. Conclusions.- 13. Glimpses of Grammar.- (i) Jespersen on the Arbitrary Generic Person.- (ii) Negative Indefinite Sentences.- (iii) Singularis - pluralis - indifferentialis.- Notes.- VII. The Identity Theories of the Copula.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extensional Identity Theories of the Copula.- 3. The Inherence Theory of the Copula.- 4. Comprehensional Identity Theories of the Copula: Logic as the Study of Indefinite Propositions.- 5. Schematic Survey.- 6. Expected Properties of the Notions of Identity and Partial Identity in Traditional Logic.- 7. Fichte's Logic: a Symmetric Copula.- 8. Reflexivity of the Copula.- 9. Transitivity of the Copula.- 10. Two Kinds of Logical Identity.- 11. Identity-Logic and Contradiction-Logic.- (i) Two Senses of "Logic of Identity".- (ii) Plato's Paradox.- 12. Neo-Platonic Fichtean Logic (NPF-logic). The Intensive Identity Theory of the Copula (id-logic).- 13. Later German Traditional Logic and its Relation to the NPF-Logic.- 14. The Traditional Restriction to Symmetric Non-Logical Relations.- (i) Fichte.- (ii) Maritain.- (iii) Modalities and Relations: "Intensional" Logic.- (iv) Aristotle's Principle of the Absolute.- 15. The Theory of the Copula and Reduplicatio…