An Introduction to Thermogeology

This authoritative guide provides a basis for understanding the
emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. It equips
engineers, geologists, architects, planners and regulators with the
fundamental skills needed to manipulate the ground's huge capacity
to store, supply and receive heat, and to implement technologies
(such as heat pumps) to exploit that capacity for space heating and
cooling.

The author has geared the book towards understanding ground
source heating and cooling from the ground side (the geological
aspects), rather than solely the building aspects. He
explains the science behind thermogeology and offers practical
guidance on different design options.

An Introduction to Thermogeology: ground source heating and
cooling is aimed primarily at professionals whose skill areas
impinge on the emerging technology of ground source heating and
cooling. They will be aware of the importance of the technology and
wish to rapidly acquire fundamental theoretical understanding and
design skills.

This second edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to
cover new technical developments and now includes end-of-chapter
study questions to test the reader's understanding.

Autorentext
David Banks is one of the Britain's leading hydrogeologists and has been instrumental in promoting ground source heating and cooling within the UK. He has over 26 years international experience from consultancy, the public sector, academia and commercial training. He runs his own business, Holymoor Consultancy Ltd., and has taught at the Universities of Sheffield, Leeds and Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Most recently, he has been a trainer on the EU's Geotrainet programme.

Zusammenfassung
This authoritative guide provides a basis for understanding the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. It equips engineers, geologists, architects, planners and regulators with the fundamental skills needed to manipulate the ground's huge capacity to store, supply and receive heat, and to implement technologies (such as heat pumps) to exploit that capacity for space heating and cooling. The author has geared the book towards understanding ground source heating and cooling from the ground side (the geological aspects), rather than solely the building aspects. He explains the science behind thermogeology and offers practical guidance on different design options.

An Introduction to Thermogeology: ground source heating and cooling is aimed primarily at professionals whose skill areas impinge on the emerging technology of ground source heating and cooling. They will be aware of the importance of the technology and wish to rapidly acquire fundamental theoretical understanding and design skills.

This second edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to cover new technical developments and now includes end-of-chapter study questions to test the reader's understanding.

Inhalt

About the Author xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xv

Acknowledgements xvii

1 An Introduction 1

1.1 Who should read this book? 2

1.2 What will this book do and not do? 2

1.3 Why should you read this book? 3

1.4 Thermogeology and hydrogeology 6

2 Geothermal Energy 11

2.1 Geothermal energy and ground source heat 11

2.2 Lord Kelvin's conducting, cooling earth 12

2.3 Geothermal gradient, heat flux and the structure of the earth 14

2.4 Internal heat generation in the crust 16

2.5 The convecting earth? 17

2.6 Geothermal anomalies 19

2.7 Types of geothermal system 27

2.8 Use of geothermal energy to produce electricity by steam turbines 28

2.9 Binary systems 28

2.10 Direct use 30

2.11 Cascading use 30

2.12 Hot dry rock systems [a.k.a. 'enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)'] 32

2.13 The 'sustainability' of geothermal energy and its environmental impact 35

2.14 And if we do not live in Iceland? 38

3 The Subsurface as a Heat Storage Reservoir 40

3.1 Specific heat capacity: the ability to store heat 41

3.2 Movement of heat 45

3.3 The temperature of the ground 51

3.4 Insolation and atmospheric radiation 55

3.5 Cyclical temperature signals in the ground 59

3.6 Geothermal gradient 61

3.7 Human sources of heat in the ground 65

3.8 Geochemical energy 69

3.9 The heat energy budget of our subsurface reservoir 70

3.10 Cyclical storage of heat 72

3.11 Manipulating the ground heat reservoir 74

4 What Is a Heat Pump? 79

4.1 Engines 81

4.2 Pumps 84

4.3 Heat pumps 85

4.4 The rude mechanics of the heat pump 88

4.5 Absorption heat pumps 91

4.6 Heat pumps for space heating 91

4.7 The efficiency of heat pumps 93

4.8 Air-sourced heat pumps 96

4.9 Ground source heat pumps 98

4.10 Seasonal performance factor (SPF) 99

4.11 GSHPs for cooling 100

4.12 Other environmental sources of heat 100

4.13 The benefits of GSHPs 101

4.14 Capital cost 104

4.15 Other practical considerations 107

4.16 The challenge of delivering efficient GSHP systems 108

4.17 Challenges: the future 109

4.18 Summary 112

5 Heat Pumps and Thermogeology: A Brief History and International Perspective 114

5.1 Refrigeration before the heat pump 115

5.2 The overseas ice trade 117

5.3 Artificial refrigeration: who invented the heat pump? 119

5.4 The history of the GSHP 121

5.5 The global energy budget: how significant are GSHPs? 129

5.6 Ground source heat: a competitor in energy markets? 132

6 Ground Source Cooling 133

6.1 Our cooling needs in space 133

6.2 Scale effects and our cooling needs in time 134

6.3 Traditional cooling 135

6.4 Dry coolers 136

6.5 Evaporation 138

6.6 Chillers/heat pumps 141

6.7 Absorption heat pumps 143

6.8 Delivery of cooling in large buildings 144

6.9 Dehumidification 145

6.10 Passive cooling using the ground 145

6.11 Active ground source cooling 147

6.12 An example of open-loop groundwater cooling 148

7 Options and Applications for Ground Source Heat Pumps 150

7.1 How much heat do I need? 150

7.2 Sizing a GSHP 156

7.3 Open-loop ground source heat systems 161

7.4 Closed-loop systems 173

7.5 Domestic hot water by ground source heat pumps? 191

7.6 Heating and cooling delivery in complex systems 195

7.7 Heat from ice 201

8 The Design of Groundwater-Based Open-Loop Systems 202 8.1 Common design flaws of...