The title of this book is a challenge. Anyone with the least knowledge of present day urology will know that there are many very controversial aspects of this subject. Urology is not alone in this unsettled environment for there are similar debates in almost all other aspects of surgery. In addition to the rapid changes in technology, an important part of the explanation for these controversies is simply that more surgeons are prepared to admit that no area of their work is so established that it does not bear further scrutiny and assessment. Argument can be tedious but debate is healthy. This book aims to present material that is debatable: experienced practitioners of each topic explain why an opinion or preference can be sustained. The purist might wish to have these opinions resolved by a well-planned clinical trial, but experience of clinical trials shows that they do not always produce results that are easily translated into a positive change in clinical practice. Would the reader be persuaded more by a statistically significant difference or by an experienced clinician who has reached certain conclusions? Both are risky, but since surgical techniques are often not easily converted into appropriate studies or trials the Editors have obtained the best opinion on each controversy and innovation. The media adore controversy for its own sake. The medical profession accepts controversy but knows that few events in medicine are absolute and few procedures can be done only by one method.

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Section I: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy.- 1 Development, Indications and Clinical Experience.- Section II: Endoscopic Innovations.- 2 Percutaneous Stone Removal Techniques.- 3 Ureteroscopy.- 4 Flexible Cystoscopy.- 5 Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteric Reflux.- Section III: Ureter.- 6 Transuretero-ureterostomy.- 7 Intestinal Interposition.- 8 Boari Flap.- 9 The Turner-Warwick Bladder-Elongation Psoas-Hitch Procedure for Substitution Ureteroplasty.- 10 Double-J Stents.- 11 Renal Autotransplantation.- 12 Omento-ureteroplasty and Omento-skin-patch Substitution Ureteroplasty.- Section IV: Surgical Management of Stress Incontinence.- 13 Periurethral Teflon Injections.- 14 Stamey Endoscopic Bladder Neck Suspension.- 15 Colposuspension and Slings.- 16 Levatorpexy - Transperitoneal Levator Muscle Repair.- 17 Turner-Warwick Vagino-Obturator Shelf Urethral Repositioning Procedure.- Section V: The Neuropathic Bladder.- and Patient Selection for Surgery.- 18 Which Cystoplasty?.- 19 Bladder Transection.- 20 The AS 800 Artificial Urinary Sphincter: Surgical Technique and Troubleshooting.- 21 Nerve-stimulating Implants for Bladder Control in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury or Disease.- Section VI: Continence After Cystectomy.- 22 Cystectomy and Substitution Cystoplasty with Particular Reference to Bladder Cancer.- 23 The Continent Ileal Reservoir (Kock Pouch) in Urinary Diversion.- 24 The Mainz Pouch for Continent Urinary Diversion, Bladder Substitution and Augmentation.- 25 Bladder Augmentation, Undiversion and Continent Urinary Diversion in Children Using the Mainz Pouch Technique.- Section VII: Urethral Strictures and Fistulae.- 26 The Omental Repair of Complex Urinary Fistulae.- 27 Transpubic Urethroplasty.- 28 Meshgraft Urethroplasty.- 29 The Island Patch.- Section VIII: Male Genitalia - Infertility and Impotence.- 30 Peyroniel's Disease.- 31 Penile Prostheses.- 32 Vaso-vasostomy and Epididymo-vasostomy.- 33 Transsexualism in the Male: Male to Female Gender Reassignment.- 34 Penile Reconstruction in Exstrophy and Epispadias.- 35 Treatment of Erectile Impotence by Intracavernosal Injection of Drugs that Relax Smooth Muscle.- 36 Bladder Neck Incision vs. Resection for Bladder Outflow Obstruction.- 37 New or Improved Treatments for Failure of Ejaculation.- 38 Reconstruction of Bladder Neck for Retrograde Ejaculation.- Section IX: Paediatrics.- 39 Antenatal Diagnosis of Urological Abnormalities.- 40 Hypospadias: the MAGPI Operation and Fistula Repair.- 41 Reimplantation - Which Child?.- 42 Reimplantation - Which Operation?.- 43 Surgery for Virilising Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.- 44 The Reflux-preventing Reimplantation of Large Ureters Without "Reduction" Tailoring.- 45 Functional Reconstruction of the Exstrophied Bladder.