Composites for Environmental Engineering

Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. The two materials combine together to give a new material with higher strength, toughness, stiffness, but also a higher resistance to creep, corrosion, wear or fatigue compared to conventional materials. It is composed primarily of a matrix i.e. a continuous phase which is armoured with secondary discontinues reinforcement phase. These materials have been used in a variety of products viz. spacecrafts, sporting goods, catalyst, sensors, actuators, biomedical materials, batteries, cars, furniture, aircraft components, etc. This book focusses on processing, properties of various types of composite materials, as well as their environmental engineering applications. This book examines the current state of art, new challenges, and opportunities of composites in environmental engineering. The chapters in this book covers nearly every topic related to composites in environmental engineering in four broad perspectives: (i) classification of composites (ii) green/hybrid synthesis and characterization of nano and biocomposites (iii) processing of composite materials (iv) state-of-the-art in fabricating the composites - nano and biocomposites - for environmental applications.

Autorentext

Shakeel Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at the Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites from Jamia Millia Islamia in the year 2016 and has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He has 15 books to his credit by international publishers. His work has been cited more than 2000 times and with h-index of 16. Saif Ali Chaudhry is an inorganic chemist at the Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India, where he also obtained his PhD in Environmental (Water) Chemistry.

Klappentext
Provides in-depth coverage of composites with a primary emphasis on their properties, processing, and their growing applications in environmental engineering Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. The two materials combine to give a new material with higher strength, toughness, stiffness, as well as a higher resistance to creep, corrosion, wear or fatigue, compared to conventional materials. These composite materials are used in a variety of products such as spacecraft, sporting goods, sensors, actuators, biomedical materials, batteries, cars, furniture, aircraft components. This book focuses on the characterization, processing and properties of various types of composite materials, as well as their environmental engineering applications. The chapters cover nearly every topic related to composites in environmental engineering in four broad perspectives: (1) classification of composites (2) green/hybrid synthesis and characterization of nano and biocomposites (3) processing of composite materials (4) state-ofthe-art in fabricating nano and biocomposites for environmental applications. Specifically, subjects include

• Utilization of fiber reinforced polymer composite materials and their sustainable and green advantages
• Comprehensive review of the advances made in the mechanochemical process of composite preparation
• Food packaging applications of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites
• Constructive techniques in the application of nanocomposites for treatment of pollutants, impurities sensing, and detection
• Zinc oxide nanocomposites and their application in water remediation
• Types of metal nanocomposites and their applications in degradation of organic dyes in pollution control
• Polymer and magnetic polymer nanocomposites, fabrication methods, and applications like catalytic degradation, adsorption of pollutants, elimination of heavy metals, toxic dyes, effluents and removal of oil from water in environmental engineering
• Strategies to develop bio-composites from food wastes Audience Researchers and industry scientists/engineers working in the fields of polymer science, chemistry, environmental engineering, and materials science.

Inhalt
Preface xvii

**1 Composites: Types, Method of Preparation and Application as An Emerging Tool for Environmental Remediation 1
**Bushra Fatima, Geetanjali Rathi, Rabia Ahmad and Saif Ali Chaudhry

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Classification Based on Matrix 4

1.2.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) 5

1.2.2 Methods for Synthesizing Metal-Matrix Composites 5

1.2.3 Bonding in Metal Matrix Composites 9

1.2.4 Applications of Metal Matrix Composites 10

1.3 Polymer Matrix Composites 10

1.3.1 Classification of Polymer Matrix Composites 12

1.3.2 Methods for Synthesizing of Polymer Composites 13

1.3.3 Bonding in Polymer Matrix Composites 15

1.3.4 Applications of Polymer Matrix Composites 16

1.4 Ceramic Matrix Composites 16

1.4.1 Methods for Synthesizing Ceramic Matrix Composites 17

1.4.2 Advantage of Ceramic Matrix Composites 18

1.4.3 Disadvantages of Ceramic Matrix Composites 18

1.4.4 Applications of Ceramic Matrix Composites 18

1.5 Classification Based on Reinforcement 19

1.5.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 19

1.5.2 Particle Reinforced Composites 20

1.5.3 Structural Reinforced Composites 20

1.6 Recent Advancement in Composites 21

1.6.1 Methods for Synthesizing Green Composites 22

1.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Composites over Traditional Composites 22

1.6.3 Applications of Green Composites 22

1.7 Advantages of Composites 23

1.8 Disadvantages of Composites 23

1.9 Conclusion 24

1.10 Future Prospects 24

1.11 Acknowledgement 25

References 25

**2 Applications of Composites Materials for Environmental Aspects 33
**Pintu Pandit, Kunal Singha, Akshay Jadhav, T.N. Gayatri and Utpal Dhara

2.1 Introduction 34

2.2 History of Composites for Eco-Friendly Engineering 35

2.3 Composites for Greenhouses 36

2.4 Polymers have been Reinforced by Fiber (FRP) for Greenhouse 36

2.4.1 Composites Employed in Controlling Humidity in the Home which is Green 36

2.4.2 Composite Films for Optical Transmission of Greenhouse 37

2.5 Composites Employed in Acoustic Applications 37

2.6 Natural Fiber Composites 40

2.6.1 Pretreatment of Natural Fiber 40

2.6.2 Factors Impacting on Bodily Functioning of Natural Fiber Composites 41

2.6.2.1 Fiber Selection 41

2.6.2.2 Matrix Selection 42

2.6.2.3 Interface Strength 42

2.6.2.4 Fiber Orientation 42

2.6.3 Jute-Coir Composites for Constructions 43

2.6.4 Bamboo Composites for Construction 43

2.7 Effective Factors for Low Frequency Acoustic Absorption 44

2.7.1 Fiber Size 44

2.7.2 Feed Size 45

2.7.3 Majority Density 45

2.7.4 Sample Layer Thickness 46

2.8 Composites Employed in Wind Energy 46

2.9 Composites Used in Wind Turbines 47

2.9.1 Impact of Wind Hit on the Composite Material 47

2.10 Composite Materials for the Marine Environment 48

2.11 Composite Materials for Aerospace Engineering 49

2.12 Composites Materials for Civil Engineering 50

2.13 Composite Materials Employed in Solar Energy Panels 50

2.14 Conclusions 51

References 52

**3 The Application of Mechano-Chemistry in Composite Preparation 57
**S. C. Onwubu, P. S. Mdluli, S. Singh, and M. U. Makgobole

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 The Science of Mechanochemistry 58

3.3 Brief History of Mechanochemistry Application 59

3.4 Mechanochemical Tools 60

3.5 Applications of Mechanochemistry in the Milling of Eggshell Powder 63

3.6 Conclusions 65

References 66

**4 Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Environmental…